UV hash ti Wut Ea a i i uate it i i Weulis 1H i ee ae ie . rit tH ti ii i tit eta mls ie af Bue H i neat i Hein iiayesy a a a ae a Hi bie i i i Git tire File kitts A ao ie i : (isn THT it i eu Hn j yt NG tee it yh} i a ante a ane i ate H x \ ane cea Hee ‘i Be : Cra H i ea i N fit } i eit tate a Tt a ti tah i a Hi an ate in a 2 aan i Penna eta sala i Ate crit atti E Catan ae a oe o ST a ae SU ghia a ity eee yg at ae yet Ru Mh HH han ie i in Wily Puy eats ty nite it ay matte tit rein Hake Alte riamneeapare ik caret HH Hi fi abla Hn part hi qe i rit i al ath ite aes thty nn if if i te AES i i HE ih na fe Ba dit eau Heat ae Ani te ie eat a ded ih icant matt i : ati Wheaituly tase : Pati slit a He WHA it ns sh os i Hot i i 7
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Ralph Ht. Holcomb
Ralph H ‘ Heleomb
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https://archive.org/details/thayersgreekenglOO0Othay
GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT
A ] apy Tadevoews TOV dvoudtov exioKeris. EPICTETUS, Diss. i. 17, 12.
maius quiddam atque divinius est sermo humanus quam quod totum mutis
litterarum figuris comprehendi queat. HERMANN, Opusce. iil. 253.
TA PHMATA A EFQ AEAAAHKA YMIN TINEYMA EXTIN KAI ZOH EXTIN
A
GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT
BEING
@rimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti
TRANSI.ATED REVISED AND ENLARGED
BY
JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, D.D.
HON. LITT.D. DUBLIN BUSSEY PROFESSOR OF NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM AND INTERPRETATION IN THE DIVINITY SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CORRECTED EDITION
NEW YORK - CINCINNATI - CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
Copyright, 1886, by Harrzr & BrorHEns. All rights reserved.
Copyright, 1889, by Harper & BroraeErs, All rights reserved,
E-P 10
PREFACE.
WARDS the close of the year 1862, the “Arnoldische Buchhandlung” in Leipzig
published the First Part of a Greek-Latin Lexicon of the New Testament, prepared, upon the basis of the “Clavis Novi Testamenti Philologica” of C. G. Wilke (second edition, 2 vols. 1851), by Professor C. L. Wit1saLp Grimm of Jena. In his Prospectus Professor Grimm announced it as his purpose not only (in accordance with the improvements in classical lexicography embodied in the Paris edition of Stephen’s Thesaurus and in the fifth edition of Passow’s Dictionary edited by Rost and his coadjutors) to exhibit the historical growth of a word’s significations and accordingly in selecting his vouchers for New Testament usage to show at what time and in what class of writers a given word became current, but also duly to notice the usage of the Septuagint and of the Old Testament Apocrypha, and especially to produce a Lexicon which should correspond to the present condition of textual criticism, of exegesis, and of biblical theology. He devoted more than seven years to his task. The successive Parts of his work received, as they appeared, the outspoken commendation of scholars diverging as widely in their views as Hupfeld and Hengstenberg; and since its completion in 1868 it has been generally acknowledged to be by far the best Lexicon of the New Testament extant.
An arrangement was early made with Professor Grimm and his publisher to reproduce the book in English, and an announcement of the same was given in the Bibliotheca Sacra for October 1864 (p. 886). The work of translating was promptly begun; but it was protracted by engrossing professional duties, and in particular by the necessity —as it seemed — of preparing the authorized translation of Liinemann’s edition of Winer’s New Testament Grammar, which was followed by a translation of the New Testament Grammar of Alexander Buttmann. Meantime a new edition of Professor Grimm’s work was called for. To the typographical accuracy of this edition liberal contributions were made from this side the water. It appeared in its completed form in 1879. “Admirable”, “unequalled”, “invaluable”, are some of the epithets it elicited from eminent judges in England; while as representing the estimate of the book by competent critics in Germany a few sentences may be quoted from Professor Schiirer’s review of it in the Theologische Literaturzeitung for January 5, 1878: “The use of Professor Grimm’s book for years has convinced me that it is not only unquestionably the best among existing New Testament Lexicons, but that, apart from all comparisons, it is a work
vl PREFACE.
of the highest intrinsic merit, and one which is admirably adapted to initiate a learner into an acquaintance with the language of the New Testament. It ought to be regarded by every student as one of the first and most necessary requisites for the study of the New Testament, and consequently for the study of Theology in general.”
Both Professor Grimm and his publisher courteously gave me permission to make such changes in his work as might in my judgment the better adapt it to the needs of English- speaking students. But the emphatic commendation it called out from all quarters, in a strain similar to the specimens just given, determined me to dismiss the thought of issuing a new book prepared on my predecessor’s as a basis, and —alike in justice to him and for the satisfaction of students —to reproduce his second edition in its integrity (with only the silent correction of obvious oversights), and to introduce my additions in such a form as should render them distinguishable at once from Professor Grimm’s work. (See [] in the list of “‘Explanations and Abbreviations” given below.) This decision has occasionally imposed on me some reserve and entailed some embarrassments. But notwithstanding all minor draw- backs the procedure will, I am sure, commend itself in the end, not only on the score of justice to the independent claims and responsibility of both authors, but also on account of the increased assurance (or, at least, the broader outlook) thus afforded the student respect- ing debatable matters, — whether of philology, of criticism, or of interpretation.
Some of the leading cbjects with the editor in his work of revision were stated in connection with a few specimen pages privately printed and circulated in 1881, and may here be repeated in substance as follows: to verify all references (biblical, classical, and—so far as practicable— modern) ; to note more generally the extra-biblical usage of words; to give the derivation of words in cases where it is agreed upon by the best etymologists and is of interest to the general student; to render complete the enumeration of (representative) verbal forms actually found in the New Testament (and exclude all others); to append to every verb a list of those of its compounds which occur in the Greek Testament; to supply the New Testament passages accidentally omitted in words marked at the end with an asterisk; to note more fully the variations in the Greek text of current editions; to introduce brief discussions of New Testament synonyms; to give the more noteworthy renderings not only of the “Authorized Version” but also of the Revised New Testament; to multiply cross references; references to grammatical works, both sacred (Winer, Buttmann, Green, etc.) and classical (Kihner, Kriiger, Jelf, Donaldson, Goodwin, etc.); also to the best English and American Commentaries (Lightfoot, Ellicott, Westcott, Alford, Morison, Beet, Hackett, Alexander, The Speaker’s Commentary, The New Testament Commentary, etc.), as well as to the latest exegetical works that have appeared on the Continent (Weiss, Heinrici, Keil, Godet, Oltramare, etc.); and to the recent Bible Dictionaries and Cyclopedias (Smith, Alexander’s Kitto, McClintock and Strong, the completed Riehm, the new Herzog, etc.), besides the various Lives of Christ and of the Apostle Paul.
Respecting a few of these specifications an additional remark or two may be in place:
One of the most prominent and persistent embarrassments encountered by the New Testament lexicographer is occasioned by the diversity of readings in the current editions of the Greek text. A slight change in the form or even in the punctuation of a passage may
PREFACE. vat
entail a change in its construction, and consequently in its classification in the Lexicon. In the absence of an acknowledged consensus of scholars in favor of any one of the extant printed texts to the exclusion of its rivals, it is incumbent on any Lexicon which aspires after general currency to reckon alike with them all. Professor Grimm originally took account of the text of the ‘ Receptus’, together with that of Griesbach, of Lachmann, and of Tischendorf. In his second edition, he made occasional reference also to the readings of Tregelles. In the present work not only have the textual statements of Grimm’s second edition undergone thorough revision (see, for example, “Griesbach ” in the list of “Explanations and Abbrevia- tions”), but the readings (whether in the text or the margin) of the editions of ‘Tregelles and of Westcott and Hort have also been carefully noted.
Again: the frequent reference, in the discussion of synonymous terms, to the distinctions holding in classic usage (as they are laid down by Schmidt in his voluminous work) must not be regarded as designed to modify the definitions given in the several articles. On the contrary, the exposition of classic usage is often intended merely to serve as a standard of comparison by which the direction and degree of a word’s change in meaning can be measured. When so employed, the information given will often start suggestions alike interesting and instructive. —
On points of etymology the statements of Professor Grimm have been allowed to stand, although, in form at least, they often fail to accord with modern philological methods. But they have been supplemented by references to the works of Curtius and Fick, or even more frequently, perhaps, to the Etymological Dictionary of Vanicek, as the most compendious digest of the views of specialists. The meaning of radical words and of the component parts of compounds is added, except when it is indubitably suggested by the derivative, or when such words may be found in their proper place in the Lexicon.
The nature and use of the New Testament writings require that the lexicographer should not be hampered by a too rigid adherence to the rules of scientific lexicography. <A student often wants to know not so much the inherent meaning of a word as the particular sense it bears in a given context or discussion: —or, to state the same truth from another point of view, the lexicographer often cannot assign a particular New Testament reference to one or another of the acknowledged significations of a word without indicating his exposition of the passage in which the reference occurs. In such a case he is compelled to assume, at least to some extent, the functions of the exegete, although he can and should refrain from rehearsing the general arguments which support the interpretation adopted, as well as from arraying the objections to opposing interpretations.
Professor Grimm, in his Preface, with reason calls attention to the labor he has expended upon the explanation of doctrinal terms, while yet guarding himself against encroaching upon the province of the dogmatic theologian. In this particular the editor has endeavored to enter into his labors. Any one who consults such articles as aiwv, aidvios, Bactrela Tov Geod etc., Sixaros and its cognates, Sédéa, emis, Cun, Odvaros, Geds, Kicpos, K’ptos, rloris, TvEdpa, odpé, Poe, oulw and its cognates, vids rod dvOpurrov, vids Tod 6cod, Xpurrés, and the like, will find, it is believed, all the materials needed for a complete exposition of the biblical contents of those terms. On the comparatively few points respecting which doctrinal opinions still differ, references have been
vill PREFACE.
added to representative discussions on both sides, or to authors whose views may be regarded as supplementing or correcting those of Professor Grimm.
Convenience often prescribes that the archeological or historical facts requisite to the understanding of a passage be given the student on the spot, even though he be referred for fuller information to the works specially devoted to such topics. In this particular, too, the editor has been guided by the example of his predecessor; yet with the constant exercise of self-restraint lest the book be encumbered with unnecessary material, and be robbed of that succinctness which is one of the distinctive excellences of the original.
In making his supplementary references and remarks the editor has been governed at different times by different considerations, corresponding to the different classes for whose use the Lexicon is designed. Primarily, indeed, it is intended to satisfy the needs and to guide the researches of the average student; although the specialist will often find it serviceable, and on the other hand the beginner will find that he has not been forgotten. Accordingly, a caveat must be entered against the hasty inference that the mention of a different interpretation from that given by Professor Grimm always and of necessity implies dissent from him. It may be intended merely to inform the student that the meaning of the passage is still in debate. And the particular works selected for reference have been chosen — now because they seem best suited to supplement the statements or references of the origi- nal; now because they furnish the most copious references to other discussions of the same topic ; now because they are familiar works or those to which a student can readily get access; now, again, because unfamiliar and likely otherwise to escape him altogether.
It is in deference, also, to the wants of the ordinary student that the references to grammatical works — particularly Winer and Buttmann — have been greatly multiplied. The expert can easily train his eye to run over them; and yet even for him they may have their use, not only as giving him the opinion of eminent philologists on a passage in question, but also as continually recalling his attention to those philological considerations on which the decision of exegetical questions must mainly rest.
Moreover, in the case of a literature so limited in compass as the New Testament, it seems undesirable that even a beginner should be subjected to the inconvenience, expense, and especially the loss of facility, incident to a change of text-books. He will accordingly find that not only have his wants been heeded in the body of the Lexicon, but that at the close of the Appendix a list of verbal forms has been added especially for his benefit. The other portions of the Appendix will furnish students interested in the history of the New Testament vocabulary, or investigating questions — whether of criticism, authorship, or biblical theology — which involve its word-lists, with fuller and more trustworthy collections than can be found elsewhere.
Should I attempt, in conclusion, to record the names of all those who during the many years in which this work has been preparing have encouraged or assisted me by word or pen, by counsel or book, the list would be a long one. Express acknowledgments, however, must be made to Grorce B. Jewert, D.D., of Salem and to Professor W. W. Eaton now of Middlebury College, Vermont. The former has verified and re-verified ali the biblical and classical
PREFACE. Ix
_ references, besides noting in the main the various readings of the critical texts, and rendering valuable aid in correcting many of the proofs; the latter has gathered the passages omitted from words marked with a final asterisk, completed and corrected the enumeration of verbal forms, catalogued the compound verbs, had an eye to matters of etymology and accentuation, and in many other particulars given the work the benefit of his conscientious and scholarly labor. To these names one other would be added were it longer written on earth. Had the lamented Dr. ABBor been spared to make good his generous offer to read the final proofs, every ‘user of the book would doubtless have had occasion to thank him. He did, however, go through the manuscript and add with his own hand the variant verse-notation, in accordance with the results of investigation subsequently given to the learned world in his Excursus on the subject published in the First Part of the Prolegomena to Tischendorf’s Editio Octava Critica Major.
To Dr. Caspar Rent Gregory of Leipzig (now Professor-elect at Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, Baltimore) my thanks are due for the privilege of using the sheets of the Prolegomena just named in advance of their publication; and to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, Oxford, for a similar courtesy in the case of the Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott’s Lexicon.
No one can have a keener sense than the editor has of the shortcomings of the present volume. But he is convinced that whatever supersedes it must be the joint product of several laborers, having at their command larger resources than he has enjoyed, and ampler leisure than falls to the lot of the average teacher. Meantime, may the present work so approve itself to students of the Sacred Volume as to enlist their co-operation with him in ridding it of every remaining blemish
— iva & doyosg Tod Kupiou Tpéxy Kat Sofdlyrar
J. H. THAYER. CaMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. Dec. 25, 1888.
In issuing this “Corrected Edition” opportunity has been taken not only to revise the supplementary pages (725 sq.), but to add in the body of the work (as circumstances per- mitted) an occasional reference to special monographs on Biblical topics which have been published during the last three years, as well as to the Fourth Volume of Schmidt's Synonymik (1886), and also to works which (like Meisterhans) have appeared in an improved edition. The Third edition (1888) of Grimm, however, has yielded little new material; and Dr. Hatch’s “Essays in Biblical Greek” comes to hand too late to permit references to its valuable dis- cussions of words to be inserted.
To the correspondents, both in England and this country, who have called my attention to errata, I beg to express my thanks; and I would earnestly ask all who use the book to send me similar favors in time to come : — dredés oddev ovdevds pérpov.
April 10, 1889.
tet mee
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vaste? > ~ = 7 ‘ al “i ; é : =~ s»4 ri L | Lowes = : : F ‘ oh Pa so - gi — . ~ < ee P = x ~ aa | = T i . = 4 i ‘ J = ~
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LIST OF ANCIENT AUTHORS
QUOTED OR REFERRED TO IN THE LEXICON.
N. B. In the preparation of this list, free use has been made of the lists in the Lexicons of Liddell and Scott and of Sophocles, also ef Freund’s Triennium Philologicum (1874) vols. i, and ii., of Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, of Smith and Wace’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, of Engelmann’s Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum (8th ed. 1880), and of other current works of reference. An asterisk (*) before a date denotes birth, an obelisk (+) death.
AcHILLES TaTIUS ..
B.C
Acts of Paul and Thecla, of Pilar. ee Thomas, of Peter and Paul, of Renae
bas, etc., at the earliest from IA LDAN oo chemo ns) fo te” 'e IABSOHINES! ..iet over ie va Us PAE SOHYEUS cl) se Vel emetechrs INE SORE Ure cre: tes <6. Fel te. se ANCE RCS) 30 ey ae ee ae
AGATHARCHIDES . .-. . ALCAEUS MYTILENAEUS . . INECIPHRONG-D es clue 6 FASTGMDANiars PEs ie) Reacts mcs ALEXANDER APHRODISIENSIS INGO AG o
AmBrosE, Bp. of Milan. anes AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS . Ammonivs, the grammarian . ANIAOREON “Wn co) ey uisl 6. 3 ove ANAXANDRIDES . .. 6 « ANAXIMANDER. .« 2. 6 « « IANDOCIDES st «6 er TANIDTR IVAN ESS alte! sfuc 60) 0 ace ANTIPHON . . seas ANTONINUS, M. AURELIUS . Apo.tLoporus of Athens . . APpoLLonius Dyscotus . . APOLLONIUS RHODIUS. . . INS Se Sh. ee ee PC APPULEIUS . . .
on 6345 #525, 1456 570
1172 610
610
350
530 350 580 405 380 412
140
200
AQUILA (translator of the O. T. oa 8
ANTES ae ee ere Ss ARCHILOCHUS .
ARCHIMEDES, the athenoician A
IN AS OGWES ed. to 6G. B
270 700 250 - ¢,.400
{
A.D. 500 ?
2d cent. on c. 180
c. 500
200 ? 200 374
+c. 400 390
+180 140
150 160
2d cent. (under rian.)
1 But the current Fables are not his; on the History of Greek Fable, see Rutherford, Babrius, Introd. ch. ii. 2 Only a few fragments of the odes ascribed to him are genuine.
B.O. PARE TAR US cums Soy "oh ss ito atet a onmts ARISTAENETUS! 0) ee 6 1. vomits FARIGTEOAS oeeltatitedlron os ace ol oun 270 ARISTIDES, P. AELIUS .... . ARISTOPHANES. . . . . . “444, 380 ARISTOPHANES, the ee 5 200 ARISTOTLE | *384, 322
ARRIAN (pupil and frend of ies) ARTEMIDORUS DaLpiIaNnus (oneiro-
CMH) so “5 0 0 B Ou lo Go Cc INGSEUWSINS UES Go 6 G& OG OO 6 ATHENAEUS, the grammarian .. . ATHENAGORAS of Athens . ... . AUGUSTINE, Bp. of Hippo. . .. . Avsonius, Decimus Maenus .
Baszrius (see Rutherford, Babrius, lace
chi.) . .... ~. « © (some say 50?)
BarnaBASs, Epistle written . . . . Baruch, Apocryphal Book of . . «. . IEESPUSLAINOS 9 & oo OO oO Gx BasiL THE GREAT, Bp..of Cesarea . Basti of Seleucia. . . . + «= -
Bel and the Dragon. . ». « « « « 2dcent.? IO Ag ced 6 6 OK iO 200 CaEsar, GAIUS UL tes - « tMarch 15, 44 CALLIMACHUS ... .- aes 260
Canons and Constitutions, osalice CAPITOLINUS, JULIUS (one of the “ Hist. 4 ”
August. scriptores sex”) . .. . (Crag eS oe OF (Chan siniitie Sey mo oo boo o
A.D. 80? 450?
160
*c. 100
160 1373 228 1772 +430 tc. 390
c. 225 c. 100? c. 752 c. 900 1379 450
3d and 4th cent. c. 310
1050
1 But his letter is spurious; see Hody, De Bibl. text. orig. 1. i.;
A. Kurz, Arist. ep. etc (Bern 1872).
2 The law-book of the Byzantine Empire, founded upon the work
of Justinian and consisting of sixty books.
It was begun under
the emperor Basil of Macedonia (886), completed under his son Leo, and revised in 945 under Constantine Porphyrogenitus; (ed.
Heimbach, 6 vols. 1833-70).
ANCIENT AUTHORS.
B.C. Cexsus, A. Cornewius, the medical WIILGTME <a UMio ae tlt et iis) uisy tee cs Maou s (Oo 48 ay alee ety Boe em Chg 820 CHARITON ee sen co) ee eel or ce
Curysierus of Tyana (in Athenaeus) Curysostom, D10, the orator, see Dio Chrys. Curysostom, Joun, Bp. of Constan- tiNOPle ses i we) ue) mes Ee CICERO eerie ens ae . tDec. 7, 48 Cremens ALEXANDRINUS. . + + = Ciemens Romanvs, Epistle written - CLEOMEDES)..- a welemuctuig ss) Sues COLUMEDLAW Gr." suet en fon en eres ConsTANTINUS PORPHYROGENITUS, emperorfrom . ... <«+ « « Constitutiones apostolicae. . . + + «
CRATINUS 0s os es we «1488 (CGHBIONS 6 oc e.g 6S 6 6 G 6 411 (QHUTINS. “a GS ok God leds 6 Be 401 CURTIUS Pie. Ne cleus bonus fiom CMe e Me CXPREANE: treme Were t reece eras ts Cyrit of Alexandria ..... « Cyripotderusaleom’ 5). <5 « « D)HMOCRINUSH Yom cis me) os) Gens cote 420
DEMOSTHENES. . 3 s « . « « “880, 1322 Dexiprus, the historian . ... . Dipymus of Alexandria ..... DTOMCASSTUS 1. ie eset ss. 6 ue
Dio CurysostOM ... .-. .
DTOCLES memeemes Nes teers as Beamsclve. cc 470 IDTODORUS SICULUS wa elie) a> ec « 40 Diogenes LAERTIUS .... . Dioenetus, Epistleto . . .. . Dionysius Psreupo-AREOPAGITA . . Dionysius of Halicarnassus. . . . 30 Dionysius PERIEGETES ... DioscoripEs .. 5 IDyawnGa: Gea Aes ae 300 Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of Jeans the
Son of Sirach; Grk. trans.) . . . ¢. 1322 INNIS gue mci deste Actes . 7169 Enoch, Bookof . . . ; 2d cent. on ErHreM Syrus .. tare 5 'PTOHARMUS» ss) eee von ae Sede 480 PLOT TUS siete) lst cumteyine ane MIPICURUS a euuelus teme - «+ *8342, +270 EPIMENIDES. . ... a DG, 600 EprpHantius, Bp. of Salamis 5 5 x ERATOSTHENES. . - . . fe. 196
Esdras, First Book of (Vileate: Third) 1st cent. 2 Esdras, Second Book of (Vulgate Fourth)
Esther, Additionsto . .... . 2dcent.?2 Etymologicum Magnum .... .
HUBULUS Tom ismecnn cmrenrs ate eure 350 (EU OLUD gieees earthed oth Smee ot ee oe 300
Iwao GS oO To o EURIPIDES . . . Eusesivs, Bp. of Caesarea 1 : aia Evstarares of Constantinople, gram.
WEESEETY Go! Geng ge ube
- 429 - *480, 1406
XII A.D. B.C. Evruymivs ZicaBenus or Zigadenus 20 (Zygadenus). . - «+ « « « « ELORUS, JULIUS «©. = «ee os 450? GALEN. . . ° . q GELLIUS, Actus "(author of Noctes Atticae) . « « 2 « © © © © « GENESIUS .. at elas +407 Geoponica (20 bia. on " agriculture com. piled by Cassianus Bassus). . . . 200 Germanus of Constantinople, the 93-97 Me! ee Do oH 9g oo Oo 100? Goreras of Leontini. . . 5 5 = = 480 50 Greeoory of Nazianzus . . 2. . « - Grigory of Nyssa . . «2 « « @ 911-959 Harrocration (lexicon to the Ten 3d and 4th cent. Attic Orators) . 2 2. 6 «+ « « « IFECATAK US.) 610) 1-0 sont eee 510 Heeesiprus (quoted in Eusebius) . . Hexioporus, Bp. of Tricca in Thessaly 50 Herac ives Ponrticts (but the Alleg. $257 Homer. are spurious). . ... - 390 +444 HE RAGLUTUS aes ns onsen meme 500 1386 1a boa) RA Si My AGC debore busi on Gmc O GG « oe 432 HERMOGENES . - « « + © © « = e. 270 Hero ALEXANDRINUS . . + + © « 250 c. 895 Heropian, the grammarian . .. . 200 Heropian, the historian .. -.. 100 HERODOTUS. << (+ «fe ic (ete) 3404551405 HsioD.—.—<—- «ies fo eel OOO Hesycuivs of Alexandria, the lexicog- c. 200 ENN Gee OG GO UGS 2dor3d cent | HIEROCLES . . . + 6 eee 500 ? HiERONYMUS, see Neroiaer [pheeonoy) Sei GG GO Wo. 300 ? HIPPOGRATHS %~/ <i 4) fe 430 100% HiPPOLYDUSM@. nis Wehh« eee mer UT PRON ss, (esos) toto 540 Hrirtrvs (the continuator of Caesar’s Commentaries)". = = © fos0 .m T43 ELOMER Wien outed cs BA OE bin ion baeme tts) HoRaPo.ito, grammarian . Sy locus c. 375 HORACE. gos. eaten te 8 Isha G iG HA be 6 6 || eRe 100 IenaTIUS. . . Le hese ame TRENAEUS, Bp. of Tye Se Ge TSAWUS.27 ws es tel) cree ne ne ee 370 1403 Isrporus Hispatensis, Bp. of Seville IEW oe neg Go 0 6 bo ESTA CSE JAMBLICHUS. . : : Istcent.? | Jeremiah, Ep. of (6th ci of Baruch) JEROME (Sophronius (?) Eusebius Hie- 1000 ? OMA G Gg 6 no Sorc JOANNES DAMASCENUS . ose JOANNES MoscoHus ..... . « JOSEPHUS) Geuaet ne, se) ene Judith. . ., eg a - . 175-100 tc. 340 JuLiIaNn, Roman emperor oom F Justinian, Roman emperor from . . 1160
eee
~ Called Pamphili (as friend of the martyr Pamphilus).
JUSTIN, the historian Justin Martyr . JUVENAL. ¢.
ANCIENT AUTHORS
A.D,
450
360
400 ?
ce. 110 178
1636
300 Ist cent. $
$420 730 t620 75
361-363 527-565 150? 150
100
ANCIENT AUTHORS.
UROTANTDEUS | Ul 1s ais, Wl 8 cs) 5) Ve) bistne Lampripius, the historian. ... . Leo ‘Philosophus’,emperor. . . . Lisantivs, the rhetorician. . . . . WORE BS oie ee kee tae Oe BOE GoGo 6 O60 6 6 HGON GUS Mrmr sss) o Sis se ome tes Lucan, the epic poet. . 2 2. Lucian of Samosata, the satirist . . Lucixivs, the Roman satirist . . . Lucretius, the Roman poet... . USY.COPHRONiCs = cans me teetee cine irs Lycureus of Athens, the orator . . ALY NOBUS es 6 6 -- AR oty ist hice Lystas, the Auienng ener. opened VERANO ING Sha on iad ect Gabteet IDSEVEQNTIS. G@ Bib oo eole es Ones Macarius . . altel ol chs Maccabees, First Book of A ee Maccabees, Second Bookof.... . Maccabees, Third Bookof .- .. . Maccabees, Fourth Bookof. . . . Macuon.. . i he ab NACROBIUS#-0 3) oar 6) t's site remit Matauas, Joun, the anriatiat Ps Mamnasses, Prayerof. .... Manerno, the Egyptian priest . . . MAR CTON Min. Ss lisa ie.) Sere MAxIMos LY REUSe Ser rsh Oc: Mera, Pomronius, the Roman geog- rapher=.) = 5G. tn Gn Ac MELEAGER, the founder of the epi- gram. anthologies . . . .. . . MrnirO; bp. of Sardis) 59... st. MENANDER, the poet. . . . ... MenanDer, the Byzantine historian . Mimnermus, the poet ...... Morris, the “ Atticist” and lexicog- TNS 6 ogend o ToS ce iGeeo ce a WIOSCHION EEC Sts mr ener tet Tene eh 6 IMOSCHUS ME Cnseno tte: Misi srt/e is) fs Musonius Rurus ....... INERUDOSUUS sme cee Nise sone es a te INEEOS Meee tmeme es her ke Fete Bees oo, be INTOANDEHR (0c. «: cre) 6) et ee) 6 Niceruorvs, patriarch of Constanti- NOPLCWEN UN puesto Nhe noe Ge Bret Ne te Nicreruorus Brrennivs, the histo- WON 6 9 6 € oo ¢ Sate ee NicrrHorus GREGORAS, Byzantine his- torian . . . Nicreras hcominaaue (algo Chionistes), Byzantine historian . . Nicodemus, Gospel of, see Acta of Pilate Nicotaus DaMAScENUS . Nicomacuus GmRASENUS. . . Nitus, the pupil and friend of Soha Chrysostom .. . Nonnus of Panopolis in , Upper Reyph the poet . . .... - ae Numenivus of Apameia, the philoso. pher (as quoted by Origen). . . -
B.C.
*59
1103 55 c. 270 1329 800
410 434
105-63 ? c. 752
Ist. cent ?
280
325
14
A.D. 310 310 886 350 yi 250 400 2 165 160 2
c. 350
c. 40?
420 600 ?
140
45
ce. 175
583
2d cent.
110?
66 400?
+828 $1137 +1359
1200
50 420 500 ?
c. 150
XII
B.C. NumeEntus (as quoted by Athen.) . . c. 350 OceLLtus Lucanus . ...... 400?
Orcumentus, Bp. of Trica . . . . Otymproporus, the Neo-Platonic phi-
OED NOR Bg eh we Be SoBe Oe Oppian of Anazarbus in Cilicia (auth.
of the aAveurixd) 6. . Oppian of Apameia in Syria (anth. of
the muvnyettkd) « 2 6 6 2 ww CHIC ho oe OS 2G GG. o OROSTUSHEAULUS <uncmesins me ouo mons OMPROLUD 6 Fn ho & Oo 0 Opti cl fp Wate Se oe oe PALAEPHATUS . . « . . q Papias, Bp. of Hierapolis, first half of . PAUSANIAS#\. (ls) ‘olmed le) Nem celufeimetets PeTRus ALEXANDRINUS . . » .. PuHavaris, spurious epistles of . . . PsHavorinus, Varinus! .... PHILEMON, COMICUS) sel ec) elk erere JBN 5 & & J G6 60.0 9 6 IeeoewOO MN 4 GO Oo oto o Gul PHILOSTRATUS. . Sean mor OG PHOOKLIDES 5. ispae ah estas PsEuDO-PHOCYLIDES (in the Sibyl.
Tiley Gb vid) 9. 2 0 SG 0. 0. 0 Puorrus (Patriarch of Constantinople) Puryrnicuos, the grammarian . . . PHYLARCHUS .. .« aweei Ns are 210 Pinpar . . *521(4 ma after Aeschylus), {441 Prato, Comicus, contemporary of Ari-
stophanes. . . ah, oh Tonehe™ sthb's 427 Prato, the phlloconher Sa em ion 427511542; IWIN. Came tm, Oo a Oo D+ {ters Puiny the elder, the naturalist . . . Puiny the younger, the nephew and
adopted son of the preceding . . . Prorinvus, the philosopher PLUTARCH . . « & = C Pou.ux, author of ie Brannoriese ane PoryYaENus, author of the otparnyh-
OED e ancos sows! rely sl pielinre! ACT sane @ POGYBIUSie itt) ns IRIH CNN 69.4 GO 0-4 0 Oo o & ¢ Porrurry, pupil of Plotinus. . PosmpIPPUS. ... - a0 Posipontus, philosopher (teacher of
Ciceroand Pompey) - - --.- + 78 Procuius, philosopher . ... » Hows oC 4 6 5 a o oO Ss Protevangelium Jacoti . . . « + Psalter of Solomon. . » « « + + Psexxus the younger, philosopher . Protemy, the geographer. . . « « PYTHAGORAS . =. - be yo 80 QUINTILIAN, iMiocoricinus teacher ©
Pliny the younger. . . - « - Quintus SMYRNAEUS . . ». « - -
50
540
$122
280 .*48, t16 . 63-48 7
531
ANCIENT AUTHORS.
A.D.
89 237 1st cent. ?
850 180
t79 $113 +270 +120 180 163
4155, Feb.23 270
450
2d cent. 1050 160
+95 380 ?
1 The Latin name of the Italian Guarino Favorino, who died A. D. 1537, and was the author of a Greek Lexicon compiled mainly from Suidas, Hesychius, Harpocration, Eustathius, and Phryni-
chus. ist ed. Rome, 1523, and often elsewhere since.
ANCIENT AUTHORS.
B.C.
SALLusT . . ; *86, 135
Sapientia (Sal.), see aivisdou of Solomon.
SarpPHo 7
Seneca, L. Annies the philosopher (son of the rhetorician)
Septuagint, Greek translation of 0. T. @:
Sextus Empiricus
Sibylline Oracles, of various dates, rang- ing perhapsfrom ...... .-
Sizrus Irayicus, poet. . ... .
Simonipes of Amorgos, “ Iambo- graphus” . . :
Simonipes of Ceos (author of the of taph on the Spartans that fell at UME TG o 6 6 oo Go
Srmp.icius, the commentator on Aris- totle and Epictetus ..... ©
Sirach, see Ecclesiasticus.
Socrates ‘Scholasticus’, of Constan- tinople, historian . .
Socratss (in Stobaeus) . ... -
Soxinvs, surnamed Polyhistor . .
Solomon, Psalms of, see Psalter ete.
Solomon, Wisdom of, see Wisdom ete.
Soton, the lawgiver and poet. . . . 594
Song of the Three Children. . . . 2d cent.?
610
280-150
170
693
525
SOO) 6 6 6 o oo oo a ER CUS Sopuronius of Damascus. .. . SOmonr «(om ug deo Go o& SG ?
SozomeEn, historian . .. .. e Srartius, the Roman poet. . . . . SrToparEvs, i.e. John of Stobi in Mace-
donia (compiler of Anthol.) . . . Srrapo, the geographer . ... . *66 SrraTon, epigrammatists . . . . . SHOWUURE COMO G oc ag 6 6 407 Surronivs, the historian, friend of
Jedbany GINS) YOY 5 Go oe oo Suipas, the lexicographer. . . .. BYR 56 6 6 65 0 5 6 6 oc ROC Symmacuus (translator of the O. T.
iio Ced)) 6 go 6 & Oo OG Oo 6 Synesius, pagan philosopher and
bishop of Ptolemais . ..... LUGE 6 ob Goo oo 6 6 6 TaTIAN . mete Teaching of the Troelbe: Apeics| 6 Cc FLERENOR. oes cs temo ee 6c 4159
A.D.
165
225 ?
to the 4th cent.
7101
439
300 ?
638
450 $96
500 ? $24 150?
+160 1100?
200? 410
te.117 c. 160
2d cent. ?
XIV
TERTULLIAN . « « © « « o£ Testaments of the Twelve Pao mrs THEAGES. . « « © © « © #¢ « »@ THEMISTIUS <5 «(s,s 1s) 46 cotmenees THEOCRITUS THEODORET. «© « «© © © © © © @ Turoporus METOCHITA . . + « « Turoporion (translator of O. T. into Greek) before <= <<) @i\eqpe ee THHOGNIS: (28bb ees Peseias (ommaniemne TuEopHitus, Bp. of Antioch. . . . THEOPHRASTUS, pupil and successor of Aristotle . . . ote THEOPHYLACT, Abp. of Bulgaria ae THEOPHYLACT SIMOCATTA . ~~ « Tuomas MacisTer, lexicographer and grammarian}. - = - <= « « «6 THUCYDIDES « » = > TiBpuLLUs) Voom = ee Siar. BIC TimaeEvs, the historian of Sicily G0 Timaeus the Sophist, author of Lexicon to Plato .)>-7T- Stoo a TimaeEus of Locri, Pythagorean phi- LONG oo oc 6 6 mao Timon, the “ pando me or satirist . TIMOCLES . + « + “oa Boe SUS Re one eae oO RO TrRYPHIODORUS, a versifier ... . Tzerzes, Byzantine grammarian and POCE Ley) 6) 20 ie: | <5! Reto? eteweren i) oes VaLerRius Maximus .. . Varro, ‘vir Romanorum eruditissi- mus 2/(Quintil:) s.r mcnne VEGETIUS, on the artof war. ... NGwOH GB GC ae Virruvivs, the only pas ee on architecture . . . c Voriscus, historian (cf. Capi lnes |e Wisdom of Solomon (abbr. Sap.) . . XENOPHANES, founder of the Eleatic WMG 6 6 BO 6 6 & a XENOPHON . .. . . (Anabasis) XENOPHON of Ephesus, romancer . . Zeno of Citium .... . 59 ZENODOTUS, first librarian at ieee Gig G= S yg Sues! tet Ss, eee ZONARAS, the chronicler om 5 6 8 Zostmvus, Roman historian ... .
. DY ey Kae yt oe 0 ie
BO
280
322
423 18 260
3875?
c. 279 3850
c. 200?
ANCIENT AUTHORS.
A.D. +220? c. 125% 355
420 1300
160
180
1078 610
1310
250 ?
c. 310
400 ?
1118 420
LIST OF BOOKS
REFERRED TO MERELY BY THEIR AUTHOR’S NAME OR BY SOME EXTREME ABRIDGMENT OF THE TITLE.
Alberti = Joannes Alberti, Observationes Philologicae in sacros Novi Foederis Libros. Lugd. Bat., 1725.
Aristotle: when pages are cited, the reference is to the edition of the Berlin Academy (edited by Bekker and Brandis ; index by Bonitz) 5 vols. 4to, 1831-1870. Of the Rhetoric, Sandys’s edition of Cope (3 vols., Cambridge, 1877) has been used.
Baumlein = W. Baumlein, Untersuchungen iiber griechi- sche Partikeln. Stuttgart, 1861.
B.D. = Dr. William Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, 3 vols. London, 1860-64. The American.edition (4 vols., N. Y. 1868-1870), revised and edited by Professors Hackett and Abbot, has been the edition used, and is occasionally referred to by the abbreviation “ Am. ed.”
BB. DD. = Bible Dictionaries: — comprising especially the work just named, and the third edition of Kitto’s Cyclo- pedia of Biblical Literature, edited by Dr. W. L. Alex- ander: 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1870.
Buhdy.= G. Bernhardy, Wissenschaftliche Syntax der Griechischen Sprache. Berlin, 1829.
B. = Alexander Buttmann, Grammar of the New Testament Greek. (Authorized Translation with numerous Addi- tions and Corrections by the Author: Andover, 1873.) Unless otherwise indicated, the reference is to the page of the translation, with the corresponding nage of the German original added in a parenthesis.
Bitm. Ausf. Spr. or Sprehl. = Philipp Buttmann, Ausfihr- liche Griechische Sprachlehre. (2d ed., Ist vol. 1830, 2d vol, 1839.)
Bttm. Gram. = Philipp Buttmann’s Griechische Gram- matik. The edition used (though not the latest) is the twenty-first (edited by Alexander Buttmann: Berlin, 1863). Its sections agree with those of the eighteenth edition, translated by Dr. Robinson and published by Harper & Brothers, 1851. Whenthe page is given, the translation is referred to.
Bttm. Lexil. = Philipp Buttmann’s Lexilogus u. s. w. (Ist vol. 2d ed. and 2d vol. Berlin, 1825.) The work was translated and edited by J. R. Fishlake, and issued in one volume by John Murray, London, 1836.
*Bible Educator” =a collection (with the preceding name) of miscellaneous papers on biblical topics by various writers under the editorship of Rev. Professor E. H.
Plumptre, and published in 4 vols. (without date) by Cassell, Petter, and Galpin.
Chandler = Henry W. Chandler, A Practical Introduction to Greek Accentuation. Second edition, revised: Oxford, 1881.
Cremer = Hermann Cremer, Biblisch-theologisches Wérter- buch der Neutestamentlichen Gracitat. ‘Third greatly enlarged and improved Edition’: Gotha, 1883. Of the ‘Fourth enlarged and improved Edition’ nine parts (comprising nearly two thirds of the work) have come to hand, and are occasionally referred to. A translation of the second German edition was published in 1878 by the Messrs. Clark.
Curtius = Georg Curtius, Grundziige der Griechischen Ety- mologie. Fifth edition, with the co-operation of Ernst Windisch: Leipzig, 1879.
Dict. of Antiq. = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiqui- ties. Edited by Dr. William Smith. Second edition: Boston and London, 1869, also 1873.
Dict. of Biog. = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Edited by Dr. William Smith. 3 vols. Boston and London, 1849.
Dict. of Chris. Antiq. = A Dictionary of Christian Antiqui- ties, being a Continuation of the Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by Dr. William Smith and Professor Samuel Cheetham. 2 vols. 1875-1880.
Dict. of Chris. Biog. = A Dictionary of Christian Biogra- phy, Literature, Sects and Doctrines; etc. Edited by Dr. William Smith and Professor Henry Wace: vol. i. 1877; vol. ii. 1880; vol. iii, 1882; (not yet complete).
Dict. of Geogr. = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geogra- phy. Edited by Dr. William Smith. 2 vols. 1854-1857.
Edersheim = Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 2 vols. Second edition, stereotyped. London and New York, 1884.
Elsner = J. Elsner, Observationes sacrae in. Novi Foederis libros etc. 2 vols., Traj. ad Rhen. 1720, 1728.
Etym. Magn.=the Etymologicum Magnum (see List of Ancient Authors, etc.) Gaisford’s edition (1 vol. folio, Oxford, 1848) has been used.
Fick = August Fick, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der In. dogermanischen Sprachen. Third edition. 4 vols. Got tingen, 1874-1876.
List oF Books.
Géttling = Carl Goettling, Allgemeine Lehre vom Accent der griechischen Sprache. Jena, 1835.
Goodwin = W. W. Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb. 4th edition revised. Boston and Cambridge, 1871.
Graecus Venetus—=the Greek version of the Pentateuch, Prov., Ruth, Canticles, Eccl., Lam., Dan., according to a unique MS. in the Library of St. Mark’s, Venice ; edited by O. v. Gebhardt. Lips. 1875, 8vo pp. 592.
Green =Thomas Sheldon Green, A Treatise on the Grammar of the New Testament etc. etc. A new Edition. Lon- don, Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1862.
Also, by the same author “Critical Notes on the New Testament, supplementary to his Treatise on the Gram- mar of the New Testament Dialect.” London, Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1867. }
Hamburger=J. Hamburger, Real-Encyclopadie fiir Bibel und Talmud. Strelitz. First Part 1870; Second Part 1883.
Herm. ad Vig., see Vig. ed. Herm.
Herzog = Real-Encyklopiidie fiir Protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Edited by Herzog. 21 vols. with index,
1854-1868. ; : Herzog 2 or ed. 2 =a second edition of the above (edited by
Herzog t, Plitt ,and Hauck), begun in 1877 and not yet complete.
Hesych. = Hesychius (see List of Ancient Authors, etc.) The edition used is that of M. Schmidt (5 vols. Jena, 1858-1868).
Jelf= W. E. Jelf, A Grammar of the Greek Language. Third edition. Oxford and London, 2 vols. 1861. (Sub- sequent editions have been issued, but without, it is believed, material alteration.)
Kautzsch = EL. Kautzsch, Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramié- ischen. Leipzig, 1884.
Keim = Theodor Keim, Geschichte Jesu von Nazara u. s. w. 8 vols. Ziirich, 1867-1872.
Klotz ad Devar. = Matthaeus Devarius, Liber de Graecae Linguae Particulis, ed. R. Klotz, Lips., vol. i. 1835, vol. li. sect. 1, 1840, vol. ii. sect. 2, 1842.
Krebs, Observy. = J. T. Krebsii Observationes in Nov. Test. e Flavio Josepho. Lips. 1755.
Kriiger = K. W. Kriiger, Griechische Sprachlehre fiir Schu- len. Fourth improved and enlarged edition, 1861 sq. Kypke, Observv. = G. D. Kypke, Observationes sacrae in Novi Foederis libros ex auctoribus potissimum Graecis et
antiquitatibus. 2 vols, Wratis]. 1755.
L. and S.= Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon etc. Seventh edition, 1883.
Lob. ad Phryn., see Phryn. ed. Lob.
Loesner = C. F. Loesneri Observationes ad Novum Test. e Philone Alexandrino. Lips. 1777.
Lghtft.= Dr. John Lightfoot, the learned Hebraist of the 17th century.
Bp. Lghtft. = J. B. Lightfoot, D.D., Bishop of Durham; the 8th edition of his commentary on the Epistle to the Gala- tians is the one referred to, the 7th edition of his com- mentary on Philippians, the 7th edition of his commen- tary on Colossians and Philemon.
Lipsius = K. H. A. Lipsius, Grammatische Untersuchungen iiber die Biblische Gracitat (edited by Prof. R. A. Lip- sius, the author’s son). Leipzig, 1863.
Matthiae = August Matthid, Ausfihrlich Griechische Gram- matik. Third edition, 3 Pts., Leipz. 1835,
xVI
List oF Books.
McC. and S.—McClintock and Strong's Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. 10 vols. 1867-1881; with Supplement, vol. i. (1885), vol. ii. with Addenda (1887). New York: Harper and Brothers.
Meisterhans = K. Meisterhans, Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften. Berlin, 1885. (2d edition, 1888.)
Mullach= F. W. A. Mullach, Grammatik der Griechischen Vulgarsprache u. s. w. Berlin, 1856.
Munthe= C. F’. Munthe, Observationes philolog. in sacros Nov. Test. libros ex Diod. Sic. collectae etc. (Hafn. et Lips. 1755.)
Palairet = EL. Palairet, Observationes philol.-crit. in sacros Novi Foederis libros ete. Lugd. Bat. 1752.
Pape= W Pape, Griechisch-Deutsches Handworterbuch. Second edition. 2 vols. Brunswick, 1866. A continuation of the preceding work is the “ Woérterbuch der Griechi- schen Eigennamen.” Third edition, edited by G. E. Ben- seler. 1863-1870.
Passow = Franz Passow’s Handworterbuch der Griechischen Sprache as re-edited by Rost, Palm, and others. Leipz. 1841-1857.
Phryn. ed. Lob.=Phrynichi Eclogae Nominum et Verbo- rum Atticorum etc. as edited by C. A. Lobeck. Leipzig, 1820. (Cf. Rutherford.)
Poll. = Pollux (see List of Ancient Authors, etc.) The edition used is that published at Amsterdam, 1 vol. folio, 1706. (The most serviceable is that of William Dindorf, 5 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1824.)
Pss. of Sol. = Psalter of Solomon; see List of Ancient Authors, etc.
Raphel= G. Raphelii annotationes in Sacram Scripturam .».ex Xen., Polyb., Arrian., et Herodoto collectae. 2 vols. Lugd. Bat. 1747.
Riddell, Platonic Idioms= A Digest of Idioms given as an Appendix to “ The Apology of Plato” as edited by the Rev. James Riddell, M. A.; Oxford, 1867.
Riehm (or Riehm, HWB.) = Handworterbuch des Biblischen Altertums u.s.w. edited by Professor Edward C. A. Riehm in nineteen parts (2 vols.) 1875-1884.
Rutherford, New Phryn.= The New Phrynichus, being a revised text of the Ecloga of the Grammarian Phryni- chus, etc., by W. Gunion Rutherford. London, 1881.
Schaff-Herzog = A Religious Encyclopedia etc. by Philip Schaff and associates. 3 vols. 1882-1884. Funk and Wagnalls, New York. Revised edition, 1887.
Schenkel (or Schenkel, BL.) = Bibel-Lexikon u. s. w. edited by Professor Daniel Schenkel. 5 vols. Leipz. 1869-1875.
Schmidt = J. H. Heinrich Schmidt, Synonymik der Griechi- schen Sprache. 4 vols. Leipz. 1876, 1878, 1879, 1886.
Schéttgen = Christiani Schoettgenii Horae Hebraicae et Tal- mudicae etc. 2vols. Dresden and Leipzig, 1733, 1742.
Schiirer = Emil Schiirer, Lehrbuch der Neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte. Leipzig, 1874. The “Second Part” of a new and revised edition has already appeared under the title of Geschichte des Jiidischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, and to this new edition (for the portion of the original work which it covers) the references have been made, although for convenience the title of the first edition has been retained. An English translation is appearing at Edinburgh (T. and T. Clark).
Scrivener, F. H. A.: — A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament etc. Third Edition. Cambridge and London, 1883.
List or Books.
Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis ete. Cambridge and London, 1864.
A Full Collation of the Codex Sinaiticus with the Received Text of the New Testament ete. Second Edition, Revised. Cambridge and London, 1867.
Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament ete. Cambridge and London, 1875.
Sept.—the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint. Unless otherwise stated, the sixth edition of Tischendorf’s text (edited by Nestle) is referred to ; 2 vols. (with supplement), Leipzig, 1880. The double verse-notation occasionally given in the Apocry- phal books has reference to the edition of the Apocrypha and select Pseudepigrapha by O. F. Fritzsche; Leipzig, 1871. Readings peculiar to the Complutensian, Aldine, Vatican, or Alexandrian form of the text are marked respectively by an appended Comp., Ald., Vat., Alex. For the first two the testimony of the edition of Lam- bert Bos, Franck. 1709, has been relied on.
The abbreviations Aq., Symm., Theod. or Theodot., appended to a reference to the O. T. denote respectively the Greek versions ascribed to Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion ; see List of Ancient Authors, etc.
“Lag.” designates the text as edited by Paul Lagarde, of which the first half appeared at Gottingen in 1883.
Soph. = E. A. Sophocles, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods (from B.c. 146 to a.p. 1100.) Bos- ton: Little, Brown & Co. 1870. The forerunner (once or twice referred to) of the above work bears the title “A Glossary of Later and Byzantine Greek. Forming vol. vii. (new series) of the Memoirs of the American Academy.” Cambridge, 1860.
Steph. Thes. =the “ Thesaurus Graecae Linguae” of Henry Stephen as edited by Hase and the Dindorfs. 8 vois. Paris, 1831-1865. Occasionally the London (Valpy’s) edition (1816-1826) of the same work has been referred to.
Suid. = Suidas (see List of Ancient Authors, etc.) Gaisford’s edition (2 vols. folio, Oxford, 1834) has been followed. ‘Teaching ’=The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (Ac
daxh tev Sddexa dxootéAwy.) The edition of Harnack
XVII
List oF Books.
(in Gebhardt and Harnack’s Texte und Untersuchungen u.s.w. Second vol., Pts. i. and ii., Leipzig 1884) has been followed, together with his division of the chapters into verses.
Thiersch= Friedrich Thiersch, Griechische Grammatik u. s. w. Third edition. Leipzig, 1826.
Trench = Abp. R. C. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testa ment. Ninth edition, improved. London, 1880.
Vaniéek = Alois Vaniéek, Griechisch-Lateinisches Etymolo- gisches Worterbuch. 2 vols. Leipz. 1877.
By the same author is “ Fremdworter im Griechischen und Lateinischen.” Leipzig, 1878.
Veitch = William Veitch, Greek Verbs irregular and de- fective, etc. New Edition. Oxford, 1879.
Vig. ed. Herm.= Vigeri de praecipuis Graecae dictionis Idiotismis. Edited by G. Hermann. Fourth edition. Leipzig, 1834. A meagre abridgment and translation by Rev. John Seager was published at London in 1828.
Vulg. =the translation into Latin known as the Vulgate. Professor Tischendorf’s edition (Leipzig, 1864) has been followed.
Wetst. or Wetstein=J. J. Wetstein’s Novum Testamen- tum Graecum ete. 2vols. folio. Amsterdam, 1751, 1752.
W.= G. B. Winer, Grammar of the Idiom of the New Testa- ment etc. Revised and Authorized Translation of the seventh (German) edition of the original, edited by Liine- mann; Andover, 1883. Unless otherwise indicated, it is referred to by pages, the corresponding page of the orig- inal being added in a parenthesis. When Dr. Moulton’s translation of the sixth German edition is referred to, that fact is stated.
Win. RWB.= G. B. Winer, Biblisches Realw6rterbuch u.s.w. ‘Third edition. 2 vols., Leipzig and New York, 1849.
Win. De verb. Comp. etc. = G. B. Winer, De verborum cum praepositionibus compositorum in Novo Testamente usu. Five academic programs ; Leipzig, 1843.
Other titles, it is believed, are so fully given as to be easily verifiable.
EXPLANATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
As respects Puncruation —it should be noticed, that since only those verbal forms (or their representatives) are given in the Lexicon which actually occur in the Greek Testament, it becomes necessary to distinguish between a form of the Present Tense which is in use, and one which is given merely to secure for a verb its place in the alphabet. This is done by putting a se mi-colon after a Present which actually occurs, and a colon after a Present which is a mere alphabetic locum tenens. '
Further: a punctuation-mark inserted before a classic voucher or a reference to the Old Testament (whether such voucher or reference be included in a parenthesis or not) indicates that said voucher or reference applies to other passages, definitions, etc., besides the one which it imme- diately follows. The same principle governs the insertion or the omission of a comma after such abbreviations as “absol.”, “ pass.”, etc.
A hyphen has been placed between the component parts of Greek compounds only in case each separate part is in actual use; otherwise the hyphen is omitted.
[] Brackets have been used to mark additions by the Amer- ican editor. To avoid, however, a complexity which might prove to the reader confusing, they have been occasionally dispensed with when the editorial additions serve only to complete a statement already made in part by Professor Grimm (as, in enumerating the forms of verbs, the readings of the critical editors, the verbs com- pounded with otv which observe assimilation, etc. etc.) ; but in no instance have they been intentionally omitted where the omission might seem to attribute to Professor Grimm an opinion for which he is not responsible.
* An asterisk at the close of an article indicates that all the instances of the word’s occurrence in the New Testament are noticed in the article. Of the 5594 words composing the vocabulary of the New Testament 5300 are marked with an asterisk. To this extont, therefore, the present work may serve as a concordance as well as a lexicon.
A superior * or » or ° etc. appended to a verse-numeral designates the first, second, third, etc., occurrence of a given word or construction in that verse. The same letters ap- pended to a page-numeral designate respectively the first, second, third, columns of that page. A small a. b. c. ete. after a page-numeral designates the subdivision of the page.
The various forms of the GREEK Text referred to are represented by the following abbreviations :
R or Rec. = what is commonly known as the Textus Recep- tus. Dr. F. H. A. Scrivener’s last edition (Cambridge and London 1877) has been taken as the standard.1 To designate a particular form of this “ Protean text” an abbreviation has been appended in superior type; as, ™ for Elzevir, * for Stephen, °* for Beza, es for Erasmus.
G or Grsb. = the Greek text of Griesbach as given in his manual edition, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1805. Owing to a dis- regard of the signs by which Griesbach indicated his judgment respecting the various degrees of probability belonging to different readings, he is cited not infre- quently, even in critical works, as supporting readings which he expressly questioned, but was not quite ready to expel from the text.
L or Lchm. = Lachmann’s Greek text as given in his larger edition, 2 vols., Berlin, 1842 and 1850. When the text of his smaller or stereotyped edition (Berlin, 1831,) is re- ferred to, the abbreviation “ min.” or “ ster.” is added to his initial.
T or Tdf.—the text of Tischendorf’s “Editio Octava Critica Major ” (Leipzig, 1869-1872).
Tr or Treg. = “The Greek New Testament” ete. by S. P. Tregelles (London, 1857-1879).
WH=“The New Testament in the Original Greek. The Text Revised by Brooke Foss Westcott D.D. and Fen- ton John Anthony Hort D.D. Cambridge and London, Macmillan and Co. 1881.”
KC=“Novum Testamentum ad Fidem Codicis Vaticani” as edited by Professors Kuenen and Cobet (Leyden, 1860).
The textual variations noticed are of course mainly those which affect the individual word or construction under dis- cussion. Where an extended passage or entire section is textually debatable (as, for example, Mk. xvi. 9-20; Jn. v. 3 fin.—4; vii. 53 fin. — viii. 11), that fact is assumed to be
known, or at least it is not stated under every word contained in the passage.
As respects the NUMBERING OF THE VERSES —the edition of Robert Stephen, in 2 vols. 16°, Geneva 1551, has been EE eee
* Respecting the edition issued by the Bible Society, which was followed by Professor Grimm, see Carl Bertheau in the Theolo- gische Literaturzeitung for 1877, No. 5, pp. 103-106.
EXPLANATIONS AND
followed as the standard (as it is in the critical editions of Tregelles, Westcott and Hort, etc.). Variations from this standard are indicated by subjoining the variant verse-nu- meral within marks of parenthesis. The similar addition in the case of references to the Old Testament indicates the variation between the Hebrew notation and the Greek.
In quotations from the EneLisn BrstE— A. V.= the current or so-called “ Authorized Version ” ; R. V.=the Revised New Testament of 1881. But when a rendering is ascribed to the former version it may be assumed to be retained also in the latter, unless the con- trary be expressly stated. A translation preceded by R. V.is found in the Revision only.
A. S. = Anglo-Saxon.
Abp. = Archbishop.
absol. = absolutely.
acc. or accus. = accusative.
ace. to = according to.
ad 1. or ad loc. =at or on the passage.
al. = others or elsewhere.
al. al. = others otherwise.
Ald. =the Aldine text of the Septuagint (see Sept. in List of Books).
Alex. =the Alexandrian text of the Septuagint (see Sept. in List of Books).
ap. = (quoted) in
App. = Appendix.
appos. = apposition.
Aq. = Aquila (see Sept. in List of Books).
art. = article.
augm. =augment.
auth. or author. = author or authorities.
B. or Bttm. see List of Books.
B. D. or BB. DD. see List of Books.
betw. = between.
Bibl. = Biblical.
Bp. = Bishop.
br. =brackets or enclose in brackets.
c. before a date =about.
Cantabr. = Cambridge.
cf. = compare.
ch. = chapter.
cl. =clause.
cod., codd. = manuscript, manuscripts.
Com., Comm.=commentary, commentaries.
comp. = compound, compounded, etc.
compar. = comparative.
Comp. or Compl. =the Complutensian text of the Septua- gint (see Sept. in List of Books).
contr. = contracted, contract.
dim. or dimin. = diminutive.
dir. disc. = direct discourse.
e. g. =for example.
esp. = especially.
XIX
ABBREVIATIONS.
eX., xx. example, examples.
exc. = except.
excrpt.=an excerpt or extract.
fin. or ad fin. at or near the end.
G or Grsb. = Griesbach’s Greek text (see above).
Graec. Ven. = Graecus Venetus (see List of Books).
i. e. = that is.
ib. or ibid.=in the same place.
indir. disc. = indirect discourse.
init. or ad init.—at or near the beginning.
in 1. or in loc. = in or on the passage.
i. q.=the same as, or equivalent to.
KC= Kuenen and Cobet’s edition of the Vatican text (sew above).
L or Lchm. = Lachmann’s Greek text (see above).
L. and S. = Liddell and Scott (see List of Books).
1. or lib. = book.
1.c., ll. cc. =passage cited, passages cited.
Lag.=Lagarde’s edition of the Septuagint (see Sept. in List of Books).
mrg.—=the marginal reading (of a critical edition of the Greek Testament).
Opp. = Works.
opp. to= opposed to.
paral. =the parallel accounts (in the Synoptic Gospels).
Pt. or pt. = part.
q. v. = which see.
R or Rec. = the common Greek text (see above).
r.= root.
rel. or relat. = relative.
sc. namely, to wit.
Skr. = Sanskrit.
sq., sqq- = following.
Steph. = Stephanus’s Thesaurus (see List of Books).
Stud. u. Krit.=the Studien und Kritiken, a leading Ger. man Theological Quarterly.
s. v.=under the word.
Symm.= Symmachus, translator of the Old Testament into Greek (see Sept. in the List of Books).
T or Taf. = Tischendorf’s Greek text (see above).
Theod. or Theodot.= Theodotion (see Sept. in the List of Books).
Tr or Treg. = Tregelles’s Greek text (see above).
u. i.=as below.
u. 8. =as above.
Vv. = see.
var. = variant or variants (various readings).
Vat.=the Vatican Greek text (see above, and Sept. in the List of Books).
Vulg.=the Vulgate (see List of Books).
w.= with (especially before abbreviated names of cases).
writ. = writer, writers, writings.
WH= Westcott and Hort’s Greek text (see above).
Other abbreviations will, it is hoped, explain themselves.
Per 2yvanaak \ lr net
wots: Slenuniney he cee! Lira arsiiey teehee silhat ae = enorme 20; OR att cla — baie ‘Sidhe ih Piet Po a4 ay tes pt Sarthe aa id dint aff sual siiptie: «i bo - Qe
bag alien hie yo OW) eee dal) ate ody onl merseal ben etd oye) det Aree at tiepes 7 vice VU mes Gell yan ia eruiisdny ds WHS ofa aa rt
dhalunt Io eal sonj anti y aegis =" neh Sod fe * dead ons i bun tee =e
” a = * I
BY
, ay ; . 7 og 2}
J Sta ne ; = sealeame f 1) 8 ‘ Sagi aaa aaeih reen cee etl i : erat, bpd zi th) ire> - ogy 'Y Sites bret, * b-Hestl toe 4
+
aatae lett’ o nt gta i tea Sal? i jo; 2 inl Pre oate Inti Tet in jaa. res iste eee faties Ovts in tO ae Os ieee ) ater rime, toetyet ail ww ree
me MaTe 1 Sw Gh Tm, ietrwa) sel de erial whi il oly ferclasgin ' :
et Soe) néusin? ad5 be nei the eae) ok aed toe Wo beer mélange A od hase
- $ dite } ae -4iO0 prepa eld + Atose dr) j-cuzloosl he hai dood = aie! 4A : oS asin tt saan’ fae) SNe ter fatintey < baa al
z . taal pao! }
: a Die) Mars nite mir, Waa conte Sell sib
th tee, 904) Ait gahaian tlh. iq esti bee ered et |
2 “: ’ Fnitemy 120 St |
Mel Deg ti faghsid p20} gaityarx bunly shes uel Sages |
‘ ; se a Wihaaditl NY ol aan <a Swilpalll NO | Pr. peepee = uae on = MT Pe UQieet all oft |. a apo BEG Tt WET) aS stare: iaereaccil pes Tele 4 ; ite. any ade
ay phy tae
Aaliete ves) txes 2 Pe yeiiss ol Peat
os a , te +: < is ps, Minus he}. Pd , arty role: oe ee a) j “ ' =e at paleo, fin tel, 1 443} rw kent Te a ei aaly ads “Hirse{ rial GMa Met sa hat Aon Brere yale ret 1 taeey} fe - wh: UPrOnlLP yy sinelouwl Tt: sas ; Bevtrar: alg -rntden> i ee ; ele ee 2 i ed Pontes 2M ait Tew Cais AT ibang y et nye | - = {Pee ey 9h Lorton eine ee On | =| , Pe Se Geaprt< 38 Avorel x intuit Ley ee dit J dy th. ie th Fafa aD es | Ts iris a} | « of ¥ an yenia so } fi vite ws 1} Sere) 5 * 4-4 Fo a ee " : =r mld te - ~ 7* : : 7 : = Sapriinet 2gNih so btnitns *Garhte> ay | 13 ge) DAR GE ep). Phe iol ; ‘+ - - ; ; tm x i7} mii : ; a ak P ‘ i =|" a y ont ' _ i j ww | aaa oy io aa eg Herticy 2 ‘als ORE Fira hte - —_ rs > j : iy a ~ tena Sli y sheer wal Pyar : q na aaa Yihay Dinka ss - i Somes! aK: i ie vd i i. — ; led 4 ; ‘ : 7 . ’ vy : * 7S ’ a ‘ yi es ma , ‘ i. . , : ; j ~ iM f iP ea)
NEW TESTAMENT LEXICON.
A
A a, adda
A, a, GAda, 7d, the first letter of the Greek alphabet, opening the series which the letter closes. Hence the expression ey eius ro A [LT TrWH ada] kai rd 2 (a L WH], Rev. i.8, 11 Rec., which is explained by the appended words 7 dpyx7) kai rd TéAos, xxi. 6, and by the further addition 6 mp&ros kal 6 écxaros, xxii. 13. On the meaning of the phrase cf. Rev. xi. 17; Is. xli. 4; xliv. 6; xlviii. 12; [esp. B. D. Am. ed. p. 73]. A, when prefixed to words as an inseparable syllable, is 1. privative (crepnrixdy), like the Lat. in-, the Eng. un-, giving a negative sense to the word to which it is prefixed, as a8apns; or signifying what is contrary te it, as dripos, atysdw; before vowels generally av-, as dvairvos. 2. copulative (dOpoorxdy), akin to the particle dua fef. Curtius § 598], indicating community and fellow- ship, as in ddeddds, dxddovbos. Hence it is 3. in- tensive (emrarixdy), strengthening the force of terms, like the Lat. con in composition; as arevifw fr. drevys [yet cf. W.100(95)]. This use, however, is doubted or denied now by many [e. g. Lob. Path. Element. i. 34 sq.]- Cf. Kiihner i. 741, § 339 Anm. 5; [Jelf § 3420]; Bttm. Gram. § 120 Anm. 11; [Donaldson, Gram. p.334; New Crat. §§ 185, 213; L. and S.s. v.].*
*Aapav, indecl. prop. name (6 ’Aapoy, -vos in Joseph.),
J O8 (fr. the unused Hebr. radical TaN, —Syr. pact”
libidinosus, lascivus, —[enlightened, Fiirst; acc. to Die- trich wealthy, or fluent, like V8], acc. to Philo, de ebriet. § 32, fr. 1 mountain and equiv. to dpewvds), Aaron, the brother of Moses, the first high-priest of the Israel- ites and the head of the whole sacerdotal order: Lk. i. 5; Acts vii. 40; Heb. v.4; vii. 11; ix. 4.*
*ABaSSuv, indecl., 11728, 1. ruin, destruction, (fr. 338 to perish), Job xxxi. 12. 2. the place of destruc- tion i,q. Orcus, joined with inv, Job xxvi. 63; Prov. xv. 11. 3. as a proper name it is given to the an- gel-prince of the infernal regions, the minister of death and author of havoc on earth, and is rendered in Greek by "ArodAvav Destroyer, Rev. ix. 11." »
‘ABid0ap
OBapris, -és, (Bdpos weight), without weight, light ; trop. not burdensome: dBapj ipiv euavtdov érnpnoa I have avoided burdening you with expense on my account, 2 Co. xi. 9; see 1 Th. ii. 9, cf. 6. (Fr. Aristot. down.)*
"ABBA [WH -84], Hebr. 28 father, in the Chald. em- phatic state, 838 i.e. 6 rarnp, a customary title of God in prayer. Whenever it occurs in the N. T. (Mk. xiv. 36; Ro. viii. 15; Gal. iv. 6) it has the Greek interpretation subjoined to it; this is apparently to be explained by the fact that the Chaldee 83s, through frequent use in prayer, gradually acquired the nature of a most sacred proper name, to which the Greek-speaking Jews added the appellative from their own tongue.*
"“ABeA [WH “AGB. (see their Intr. § 408)], indecl. prop. name (in Joseph. [e. g. antt. 1, 2, 1] “ABeNos, -ov), 937 (breath, vanity), Abel, the second son born to Adam (Gen. iv. 2 sqq.), so called from his short life and sudden death [cf. B. D. Am. ed. p. 5], (Job vii. 16; Ps. xxxix. 6): Mt. xxiii. 35; Lk. xi. 51; Heb. xi. 4; xii. 24.*
*ABid, indecl. prop. name (Joseph. antt. 7, 10, 3; 8, 10, 1 6ABias [W. § 6,1 m.], -a), TAN and 31738 (my father is Jehovah), Abia [or Abijah, cf. B. D.s. v.], 1. aking of Judah, son of Rehoboam: Mt. i. 7 (1 K. xiv. Sis texvenl))s 2. a priest, the head of a sacerdotal family, from whom, when David divided the priests into twenty-four classes (1 Chr. xxiv. 10), the class Adza, the eighth in order, took its name: Lk. i. 5.*
*ABidbap, indecl. prop. name (though in Joseph. antt. 6, 14, 6 ’ABidOapos, -ov), 18 (father of abundance), Abiathar, a certain Hebrew high-priest: Mk. ii. 26,— where he is by mistake confounded with Ahimelech his father (1 S. xxi. 1 sqq.); [yet cf. 1 S. xxii. 20 with 1 Chr. xviii. 16; xxiv. 6, 31; also 2 S. xv. 24-29; 1 K. ii. 26, 27 with 2 S. viii. 17; 1 Chr. xxiv. 6, 31. It would seem that double names were esp. common in the case of priests (cf. 1 Mace. ii. 1-5; Joseph. vit. §§ 1, 2) and that father and son often bore the same name (cf Lk. i. 5, 59; Joseph. 1. c. and antt. 20,9, 1). See Me Clellan ad loc. and B. D. Am. ed. p. 7].*
"ABirnvn 2
"ABAnvy [WH ‘ABerd. (see 8. v. et], -7s, 7, (SC. xopa, the district belonging to the city Abila), Abilene, the name of a region lying between Lebanon and Hermon towards Phoenicia, 18 miles distant from Damascus and 37 [acc. to the Itin. Anton. 38] from Heliopolis: Lk. iii. 1. Cf. Avoavias [and B. D. s. v.].*
*ABiovs, 5, indecl. prop. name, T3138 (father of the Jews (al. of glory]), Abiud, son of Zorobabel or Zerub- babel: Mt. i. 13.*
"ABpadp [Rect ‘ASp.; cf. Tdf. Proleg. p. 106] (Joseph. "ABpayos, -ov), D128 (father of a multitude, cf. Gen. xvii. 5), Abraham, the renowned founder of the Jewish nation: Mt. i. 1 sq.; xxii. 32; Lk. xix. 9; Jn. vill. 33; Acts iii. 25; Heb. vii. 1 sqq., andelsewhere. He is ex- tolled by the apostle Paul as a pattern of faith, Ro. iv. 1 sqq. 17 sqq.; Gal. iii. 6 (cf. Heb. xi. 8), on which account all believers in Christ have a claim to the title sons or posterity of Abraham, Gal. iii. 7, 29; cf. Ro. iv. 11.
d-Burcos, in classic Greek an adj., -os, -ov, (fr. 6 Buoads i. q. BvOds), bottomless (so perhaps in Sap. x. 19), un- bounded (mAovros dBuvoaos, Aeschyl. Sept. (931) 950). In the Scriptures 4) d8vacos (Sept. for DIN) se. xapa, the pit, the immeasurable depth, the abyss. Hence of ‘the deep’ sea: Gen. i. 2; vii. 11; Deut. viii. 7; Sir. i. 3; xvi. 18, etc.; of Orcus (a very deep gulf or chasm in the lowest parts of the earth: Ps. lxx. (Ixxi.) 21 逫 rév aBio- coy ths yjs, Kur. Phoen. 1632 (i605) raprapov aBvoca xdopara, Clem. Rom. 1 Cor. 20, 5 a8vccwr dvefiyviaora criuara, ibia. 59, 3 6 éemBderav ev rais aBvocors, of God; [Act. Thom. 32 6 ryv aBvccoy tov taprapov oikay, of the dragon]), both as the common receptacle of the dead, Ro. x. 7, and especially as the abode of demons, Lk. viii. 31; Rev. ix. 1 sq. 11; xi. 7; xvii.8;xx.1,3. Among prof. auth. used as a subst. only by Diog. Laért. 4, (5,) 27 carfA- Ges eis péXaway Tdovtéws ABvocov. Cf. Knapp, Scripta var. Arg. p. 554 sq.; [J. G. Miiller, Philo’s Lehre von der Weltschépfung, p. 173 sq.; B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Deep].*
“AyaBos(on the breathing see WH. Intr. § 408], -ov, 6, the name of a Christian prophet, Agabus: Acts xi. 28; xxi. 10. (Perhaps from 31) to love (ef. B. D. s. v.].)*
ayaboepyew, -@; (fr. the unused EPPO — equiv. to épdo, epydfouat— and adyabdv); to be dyaboepyés, bene fi- cent (towards the poor, the needy): 1 Tim. vi. 18 [A. V. do good}. Cf. dyafovpyé. Found besides only in ecel. writ., but in the sense to do well, act rightly.*
dyabo-rovew, <3; 1 aor. inf. dyaborojoa; (fr. dyabo- wotds); 1. to do good, do something which profits others: Mk. iii. 4 [Tdf. dyadév moujoa; Lk. vi. 9]; to show one’s self beneficent, Acts xiv. 17 Rec.; tud, to do some one a favor, .o benefit, Lk. vi. 33, 35, (equiv. to 2077, Zeph. i. 12; Num. x. 32; Tob. xii. 13, etc.). 2. to do well, do right: 1 Pet. ii. 15, 20 (opp. to duaprdve) ; fii. 6,17; 3 Jn. 11. (Not found in secular authors, ex- cept in a few of the later in an astrological sense, to furnish a good omen.)*
Gyaborota [WH -roia (see I,¢)], -as, 9, @ course of right action, well-doing: év dyaborotia, 1 Pet. iv. 19 i. q. éyaborowivres acting uprightly (cf. xii. Patr. Jos. § 18];
ayabos
if we read here with L Tr mrg. év dyaOomouiacs we must understand it of single acts of rectitude [cf. W. § 27, 3; B. § 123, 2]. (In eccl. writ. dyafom. denotes bene/fi- cence.)*
dyaborovds, -dv, acting rightly, doing well: 1 Pet. ii. 14. [Sir. xlii. 14; Plut. de Is. et Osir. § 42.]*
dyaQss, -7, -dv, (akin to &yaya to wonder at, think highly of, dyaorés admirable, as explained by Plato, Crat. p. 412 ¢. [al. al.; cf. Donaldson, New Crat. § 323]), in general denotes “ perfectus, . . . qui habet in se ac facit omnia quae habere et facere debet pro notione nominis, officio ac lege” (Irmisch ad Hdian. 1, 4, p. 134), excelling in any respect, distinguished, good. It can be predicated of persons, things, conditions, quali- ties and affections of the soul, deeds, times and sea- sons. To this general signif. can be traced back all those senses which the word gathers fr. the connec- tion in which it stands; 1. of a good constitution or nature: yn, Lk. viii. 8; dSévdpov, Mt. vii. 18, in sense equiv. to ‘fertile soil,’ ‘a fruitful tree,’ (Xen. oec. 16, 7 yn ayadn, ..- yj Kaxn, an. 2, 4, 22 xopas moddis kK. ayabys ovens). In Lk. viii. 15 dya6) xapdia corresponds to the fig. expression “good ground”, and denotes a soul in- clined to goodness, and accordingly eager to learn sav- ing truth and ready to bear the fruits (kaprotvs dyabous, Jas. iii. 17) of a Christian life. 2. useful, salutary: ddars ayabn (joined to SaHpyya réAeov) a gift which is truly a gift, salutary, Jas. i. 17; ddéuara dyad, Mt. vii. 115; éevroAy dy. a commandment profitable to those who keep it, Ro. vii. 12, ace. to a Grk. scholium equiv. to eis Td cupépov elanyoupérn, hence the question in vs. 13: 6 ovv dyaboy euoi yéyove Oavatos; ay. pepis the ‘good part,’ which insures salvation to him who chooses it, Lk. x. 42; épyov ay. (differently in Ro. ii. 7, etc.) the saving work of God, i. e. substantially, the Christian life, due to divine efficiency, Phil. i. 6 [ef. the Comm. ad loc.]; eis dyaOdv for good, to advantage, Ro. viii. 28 (Sir. vii. 13; mdvra trois evoeBéar eis dyabd, ... Trois éuap- twdois els kaka, Sir. xxxix. 27; 1d Kaxdy.. « ylyvera eis dya0dv, Theognis 162); good for, suited to something : mpos oixodopny, Eph. iv. 29 [cf. W. 363 (340)] (Xen. mem.4,6,10). 3. of the feeling awakened by what is good, pleasant, agreeable, joyful, happy: tyépat dy. 1 Pet. iii. 10 (Ps. xxxiii. (xxxiv.) 13; Sir. xiv. 14; 1 Mace. x. 55); éAmis, 2 Th. ii. 16 (waxapéa éAmis,Tit. ii. 13); ouveidnots, a peaceful conscience, i. q. consciousness of rectitude, Acts xxiii. 1; 1 Tim. i. 5, 19; 1 Pet. iii. 1; reconciled to God, vs. 21. 4. excellent, distinguished: so ti dyad, Jn. 1. 46 (47). 5. upright, honorable : Mt. xii. 345 xix.16; Lk. vi. 45; Acts xi. 243 1 Pet. iii. 11, etc.; movnpot x. dyadoi, Mt. v. 45; xxii. 103 dyad. kat Sixaios, Lk. xxiii, 505 xapBia dyad) e. wad}, Lk. viii. 15 (see xahds, b.); fulfilling the duty or service demanded, SovAe dyabe x. moré, Mt. xxv. 21, 23; upright, free from guile, particularly from a desire to corrupt the people, Jn. vii. 12; pre-eminently of God, as consum- mately and essentially good, Mt. xix. 17 (Mk. x. 18; Lk. xviii. 19) ; dy. Onoavpds in Mt. xii. 85; Lk. vi. 45
ayaloupyéw
denotes the soul considered as the repository of pure thoughts which are brought forth in speech; miotis dy. the fidelity due from a servant to his master, Tit. ii. 10 [WH mrg. om.]; on dyad. épyov, dy. épya, see Epyov. In a narrower sense, benevolent, kind, generous: Mt. xx. 15; 1 Pet. ii. 18; pveia, 1 Th. iii. 6 (cf. 2 Mace. vii. 20); beneficent (Xen. Cyr. 3, 8, 4; 310, Jer. xxxiii. 11; Ps. xxxiv. 9; Cic. nat. deor. 2, 25, 64 “optimus i.e. beneficentissimus”), Ro. v. 7, where the meaning is, Hardly for an innocent man does one encounter death; for if he even dares hazard his life for another, he does so for a benefactor (one from whom he has received favors); cf. W. 117 (111); [Gifford in the Speaker’s Com. p. 123]. The neuter used substantively de- notes 1. a good thing, convenience, advantage, and in partic. a. in the plur., external goods, riches: Lk. i. 53; xii. 18 sq. (Sir. xiv. 4; Sap. vii. 11); ra dyad cov comforts and delights which thy wealth procured for thee in abundance, Lk. xvi. 25 (opp. to xakd, as in Sir. xi. 14); outward and inward good things, Gal. vi. 6, cf. Wieseler ad loc. b. the benefits of the Messianic king- dom: Ro. x. 153 ra pedXovra dy. Hebsixeslisx ill 2. what is upright, honorable, and acceptable to God: Ro. xii. 2; épydfecOar 76 ay. Ro. ii. 10; Eph. iv. 28; mpaccesy, Ro. ix. 11; [2 Co. v.10]; Saxe, 1 Th. v. 15; pupei- oO, 3 Jn. 11; xodrAaca To dy. Ro. xii. 9; ri pe epwras mept tov dyabod, Mt. xix. 17 GL T Tr WH, where the word expresses the general idea of right. Spec., what is salutary, suited to the course of human affairs: in the phrase dsdkovos eis rd dy. Ro. xiii. 4; of rendering ser- vice, Gal. vi. 10;-Ro. xii. 21; 1d dy. cov the favor thou conferrest, Philem. 14.
[“ It is to be regarded as a peculiarity in the usage of the Sept. that 210 good is predominantly [*] rendered by kadds. ... The translator of Gen. uses dyads only in the neut., good, goods, and this has been to a degree the model for the other translators. ...In the Greek O. T., where of Séracoz is the technical designation of the pious, of ayaGol or 6 ayabds does not occur in so general a sense. The avyp dyads is peculiar only to the Prov. (xiii. 22, 24; xv. 3); cf. besides the solitary instance in 1 Kings ii.32. Thus even in the usage of the O. T. we are reminded of Christ’s words, Mk. x. 18, ovtels ayabds ef uh eis 6 Oeds. In the O. T. the term ‘right- eous’ makes reference rather to a covenant and to one’s rela- tion to a positive standard ; a&ya8dés would express the abso- lute idea of moral goodness” (Zezschwitz, Profangraec. u. bibl. Sprachgeist, Leipz. 1859, p. 60). Cf. Tittm. p. 19. On the comparison of dyads see B. 27 (24).]
&yaoupyéw, -S; Acts xiv. 17 L T Tr WH for R dyaéo- mom. The contracted form is the rarer [cf. WH. App. p- 145], see ayaOoepyéw; but cf. xaxovpyos, lepoupyéw.*
dya0woivn, -7s, 7, [on its formation see W. 95 (90); WH. App. p. 152], found only in bibl. and eccl. writ., uprightness of heart and life, [A. V. goodness]: 2 Th. i. 11; Gal. v. 22 (unless here it denote kindness, benefi- cence); Ro. xv. 14; Eph. v. 9. [Cf. Trench § lxiii.; Ellic. and Bp. Lghtft. on Gal. 1. ¢.]*
dyadArdopar, see dyadAidw.
dyadNacts, -ews, 7}, (dyaAidw), not used by prof. writ. but often by the Sept.; exultation, extreme joy: Lk. i.
ww
ayatraw
14, 44; Acts ii. 46; Jude 24. Heb. i. 9 (fr. Ps. xliv. (xlv.) 8) oil ef gladness with which persons ~- were anointed at feasts (Ps. xxiii. 5), and which the writer, alluding to the inaugural ceremony of anointing, uses as an emblem of the divine power and majesty to which the Son of God has been exalted.*
GyahAdw, -@, and -doua, (but the act. is not used exc. in Lk. i. 47 [yadAiaca], in Rev. xix. 7 [ayan- Aédpey] LT Tr WH [and in 1 Pet. i. 8 WH Tr mrg. (dya\dare), cf. WH. App. p. 169]); 1 aor. Nyadduacd- pny, and (with a mid. signif.) nyadrdOnv (Jn. v. 35; Rec. yyahAudoOnv) ; a word of Hellenistic coinage (fr. dydddouat to rejoice, glory [yet cf. B. 51 (45)]), often in Sept. (for Oa, yD j2), wiv), to exult, rejoice exceed- ingly: Mt. v.12; Lk. x. 21; Acts ii. 26; xvi. 34; 1 Pet. i. 8; iv. 13; éy rem, 1 Pet. i. 6, dat. of the thing in which the joy originates [cf. W. § 33 a.; B. 185 (160)]; but Jn. v. 35 means, ‘to rejoice while his light shone’ [i. e. in (the midst of) ete.]. emi ru, Lk.i.47; foll. by iva, Jn. viii. 56 that he should see, rejoiced because it had been promised him that he should see. This divine promise was fulfilled to him at length in paradise; cf. W. 339 (818); B. 239 (206). On this word see Gelpke in the Stud. u. Krit. for 1849, p. 645 sq.*
G-yapos, -ov, (ydywos), unmarried: 1 Co. vii. 8, 32; used even of women, 1 Co. vii. 11, 34 (Eur. Hel. 690 [and elsewhere]), where the Grks. commonly said dvavdpos.*
dyavakréw, -@; 1 aor. nyavaktnoa; (as mAcoverTew COMES fr. mAoevéxrns, and this fr. mAéov and éya, so through a conjectural dyavaxrns fr. @yav and dyopzat to feel pain, grieve, [al. al.]); to be indignant, moved with indigna- tion: Mt. xxi.15; xxvi.8; Mk. x. 14; xiv. 43; mepi riwos [ef. W. § 33 a.], Mt. xx.24; Mk. x. 413 foll. by dr, Lk. xiii. 14. (From Hdt, down.) *
dyavakryots, -ews, H, indignation: 2Co. vii.11. [(From Plat. on.) ]*
ayardo, -; [impf. ryder] ; fut.dyarjow; 1 aor. nyd- moa; pf. act. [1 pers. plur. yyamjxapev 1 Jn. iv. 10 WH txt.], ptcp. nyamnxws (2 Tim. iv. 8); Pass., [pres. dya- mopar]; pf. ptcep. yyamnpevos; 1 fut. dyarnOnoopat; (akin to dyapat [Fick, Pt. iv. 12; see dyaOés, init.]); to love, to be full of good-will and exhibit the same: LK. vii. 47; 1Jn.iv.7sq.; with acc. of the person, to have a pre- ference for, wish well to, regard the welfare of: Mt. v. 43 sqq-; xix. 19; Lk. vii. 5; Jn. xi.5; Ro. xiii. 8; 2 Co. xi. 11; xii.15; Gal. v.14; Eph. v. 25, 28; 1 Pet. i. 22, and elsewhere; often in 1 Ep. of Jn. of the love of Chris- tians towards one another; of the benevolence which God, in providing salvation for men, has exhibited by sending his Son to them and giving him up to death, rie ls eOrnvalinS (ome sme bein Ose Le) neniver tele 9); [noteworthy is Jude 1 L T Tr WH rois év Oe marpi jyarnpevs ; see ev, 1.4, and cf. Bp. Lghtft. on Col. iii. 12]; of the love which led Christ, in procuring human salvation, to undergo sufferings and death, Gal. ii. 20; Eph. v. 2; of the love with which God regards Christ, Jn. iii. 35; [v. 20 L mrg.]; x. 17; xv. 9; Eph. i. 6. When used of love to a master, God or Christ, the word
ayanrn
involves the idea of affectionate reverence, prompt obe- dience, grateful recognition of benefits received: Mt. vi. 24; xxii. 37; Ro. viii. 28; 1 Co. ii. 9; viii. 3; Jas. il 2 1 Pet. i. 8; 1 Jn. iv. 10, 20, and elsewhere. With an ace. of the thing dyardw denotes to take pleasure in the thing, prize it aboveother things, be unwilling to abandon tt or do without it: Sicatoodyny, Heb. i. 9 (i. e. steadfastly to cleave to); tiv dd€av, In. xii. 43; rHv mpwroKabedpiar, Lk. xi. 43; 7d oxdros and 7d das, Jn. iii. 19; tov Kdcpoy, 1 Jn. ii. 15; rdv viv aidva, 2 Tim. iv. 10, — both which last phrases signify to set the heart on earthly advan- tages and joys; riv Wuxiy abrdv, Rev. xii. 11; Cony, 1 Pet. iii. 10 (to derive pleasure from life, render it agreeable to himself); to welcome with desire, long for : ray émupdveay adtod, 2 Tim. iv. 8 (Sap.i.1; vi. 13; Sir. iv. 12, ete.; so of a person: yyar7On, Sap. iv. 10, cf. Grimm ad loc.). Concerning the unique proof of love which Jesus gave the apostles by washing their feet, it is said 7ydarnoev adrovs, Jn. xiii. 1, cf. Liicke or Meyer ad loc. [but al. take jyd. here more comprehensively, see Weiss’s Mey., Godet, Westcott, Keil]. The combi- nation dydmnv ayaray twa occurs, when a relative inter- venes, in Jn. xvii. 26; Eph. ii. 4, (2 S. xiii. 15 where 70 pioos & eulonoev adrny is contrasted; cf. Gen. xlix. 25 evAdynoé oe cvAdoyiav; Ps. Sal. xvii. 35 [in cod. Pseude- pig. Vet. Test. ed. Fabric. i. p. 966; Libri Apocr. etc., ed. Fritzsche, p. 588] dd&av fy eSdéarev adryv); cf. W. § 32, 2; [B. 148 sq. (129) ]; Grimm on 1 Mace. ii. 54.
On the difference betw. dyamdw and didéa, see puréw. Cf. ayarn, 1 fin.
é&ydarn, -ns, 7, 2 purely bibl. and eccl. word (for Wyt- tenbach, following Reiske’s conjecture, long ago re- stored adyamnoay in place of dyamns, dv in Plut. sympos. quaestt. 7, 6, 3 [vol. viii. p. 835 ed. Reiske]). Prof. auth. fr. [Aristot.], Plut. on used dydmyous. “The Sept. use dydzn for 1378, Cant. ii. 4, 5, 7; iii. 5, 10; v. 8; vii. 6; viii. 4,6, 7; [‘‘ It is noticeable that the word first makes its appearance as a current term in the Song of Sol.;— certainly no undesigned evidence respect- ing the idea which the Alex. translators had of the love in this Song” (Zezschwitz, Profangraec. u. bibl. Sprachgeist, p. 63)]; Jer. ii. 2; Eccl. ix. 1,6; [2 S. xiii. 15]. It occurs besides in Sap. iii. 9; vi. 19. In Philo and Joseph. I do not remember to have met with it. Nor is it found in the N. T. in Acts, Mk., or Jas.; it occurs only once in Mt. and Lk., twice in Heb. and Rev., but frequently in the writings of Paul, John, Peter, Jude” (Breischn. Lex. s. v.); [Philo, deus immut. § 14].
In signification it follows the verb dyardw; conse- quently it denotes 1. affection, good-will, love, bene- volence: Jn. xv. 18; Ro. xiii. 10; 1 Jn. iv. 18. Of the love of men to men; esp. of that love of Christians towards Christians which is enjoined and prompted by their religion, whether the love be viewed as in the soul or as expressed: Mt. xxiv. 12; 1 Co. xiii. 1-4, 8; xiv. 1; 2 Co. ii. 4; Gal. v. 6; Philem. 5, 7; 1 Tim. i. 5; Heb. vi. 10; x. 243 Jn. xiii. 853 1 Jn. iv. 7; Rev. li.4,19, etc. Of the love of men towards God: i) ayann
4 ayaTnTos
Tov God (obj. gen. [W. 185 (175)]}), Lk. xi. 42; Jn. Vv. 42; 1 Jn. ii. 15 (rod marpés); iii. 17; iv. 125 v. 3. Of the love of God towards men: Ro. v. 8; viii. 39; 2 Co. xiii. 13 (14). Of the love of God towards Christ : Jn. xv. 10; xvii. 26. Of the love of Christ towards men: Jn. xv. 9 sq.3 2 Co. v. 14; Ro. viii. 35; Eph. iii. 19. In construction: dy. eis twa, 2 Co. ii. 8 [7]; Eph. i. 15 [L WH om. Tr mrg. br. ray dydmny]; tH €& tpay ev jpiv i. e. love going forth from your soul and taking up its abode as it were in ours, i. q. your love to us, 2 Co. viii. 7 [W. 193 (181 sq.); B. 329 (283)]; pe? tpar i. e. is present with (embraces) you, 1 Co. xvi. 24; pe& jpov i. e. seen among us, 1 Jn. iv. 17. Phrases: éyew dydanny eis twa, 2 Co. ii. 4; Col. i. 4 [LT Tr, but WH br.]; 1 Pet. iv. 8; dydmnv diddva to give a proof of love, 1 Jn. iii. 1; dyanay dydnny twd, Jn. xvii. 26; Eph. it: 4 (v. in ayarde, sub fin.) ; ay. TOU TVEVPLATOS it e. enkindled by the Holy Spirit, Ro. xv. 380; 6 vios rHs dydnns the Son who is the object of love, i. q. ayamnrés, Col. i. 18 (W. 237 (222); [B. 162 (141)]); 6 @eds ris dy. the author of love, 2 Co. xiii. 11; kdmos ris ay. troublesome service, toil, undertaken from love, 1 Th. i. 33 dy. rhs adnOcias love which embraces the truth, 2 Th. ii. 10; 6 Ocds dyarn éoriv God is wholly love, his nature is summed up in love, 1 Jn. iv. 8,163 Pidnpa ayarns a kiss as a sign among Christians of mutual affec- tion, 1 Pet. v. 14; dua ryv ay. that love may have oppor- tunity of influencing thee (‘in order to give scope to the power of love’ De W., Wies.), Philem. 9, cf. 14; é ayarn lovingly, in an affectionate spirit, 1 Co. iv. 21; on love as a basis [al. in love as the sphere or element], Eph. iv. 15 (where ev ay. is to be connected not with GAnbevovres but with aiénooper), vs. 16; && dyanns influ- enced by love, Phil. i. 17 (16) ; xara dydmny in a manner befitting love, Ro. xiv. 15. Love is mentioned together with faith and hope in 1 Co. xiii. 13; 1 Th. i. 3; v. 8, Col. i. 4 sq.; Heb. x. 22-24. On the words ayann, ayanay, cf. Gelpke in the Stud. u. Krit. for 1849, p- 646 sq.; on the idea and nature of Christian love see Késtlin, Lehrbgr. des Ev. Joh. ete. p. 248 sqq., 332 sqq.; Rickert, Theologie, ii. 452 sqq.; Lipsius, Paulin. Rechtfertigungsl. p. 188 sqq.; [Reuss, Théol. Chrét. livr. vii. chap. 13]. 2. Plur. dyama, -év, agapae, love-feasts, feasts expressing and fostering mu- tual love which used to be held by Christians before the celebration of the Lord’s supper, and at which the poorer Christians mingled with the wealthier and par- took in common with the rest of food provided at the expense of the wealthy: Jude 12 (and in 2 Pet. ii. 13 L Tr txt. WH mrg.), cf. 1 Co. xi. 17 sqq.; Acts ii. 42, 46; xx. 7; Tertull. Apol. c. 39, and ad Martyr. c. 3; Cypr. ad Quirin. 3,3; Drescher, De vet. christ. Agapis. Giess. 1824; Mangold in Schenkel i. 53 sq.; [B. D.s. v. Love-Feasts; Dict. of Christ. Antiq. s. v. Agapae; more fully in McC. and S. s. v. Agape].
dyamnrés, -7, -dv, (dyardw), beloved, esteemed, dear, favorite; (opp. to €x9pds, Ro. xi. 28): 6 vids pov (rov Geo) 6 dyamynrés, of Jesus, the Messiah, Mt. iii. 12
*Ayap
{here WH mrg. take 6 dy. absol., connecting it with what follows]; xii. 18; xvii. 5; Mk.i.11; ix. 7; Lk. ill, 22; ix. 35 (where L mrg. T Tr WH 6 éxdedeypévos) ; 2 Pet. 1.17, cf. Mk. xii. 6;\Lkiw xx) 13; [ef. Ascensio Isa. (ed. Dillmann) vii. 23 sq.; viii. 18, 25, ete.]. dya- mtot Oeod [W. 194 (182 sq.) ; B. 190 (165)] is applied to Christians as being reconciled to God and judged by him to be worthy of eternal life: Ro. i. 7, cf. xi. 28; 1 Th. i. 4; Col. iii. 12, (Sept., Ps. lix. (Ax.) 7; evii. (eviii.) 7; exxvi. (exxvii.) 2, dyamnroi cov and airod, of pious Israelites). But Christians, bound together by mutual love, are dyamnroi also to one another (Philem. 16; 1 Tim. vi. 2); hence they are dignified with this epithet very often in tender address, both indirect (Ro. xvi. 5, 8; Col. iv. 14; Eph. vi. 21, etc.) and direct (Ro. xii. 19; 1 Co. iv. 14; [Philem. 2 Rec.]; Heb. vi. Vast tO hot. ie PEs 2 Petenis bef. dite 7 GLTTr WH],etc.). Generally foll. by the gen.; once by the dat. aya. nyiv, 1 Th. ii. 8 [yet cf. W. § 31, 2; B. 190 (165) ]. dyarnros év kvpio beloved in the fel- lowship of Christ, equiv. to dear fellow-Christian, Ro. xvi. 8. [Not used in the Fourth Gospel or the Rev. In class. Grk. fr. Hom. Il. 6, 401 on; cf. Cope on Aristot. rhet. 1, 7, 41.]
"Ayap [WH "Ay. (see their Intr. § 408)], 7, indecl., (in Joseph. ’Aydpa, -ns), 14°) (flight), Hagar, a bond- maid of Abraham, and by him the mother of Ishmael (Gen. xvi.): Gal. iv. 24, [25 L txt. T om. Tr br.]. Since the Arabians according to Paul (who had for- merly dwelt among them, Gal. i. 17) called the rocky Mt. Sinai by a name similar in sound to 1A (SS i. e. rock), the apostle in the passage referred“ to em- ploys the name Hagar allegorically to denote the servile sense of fear with which the Mosaic economy imbued its subjects. [Cf. B. D. Am. ed. pp. 978, 2366 note*; Bp. Lghtft.’s remarks appended to his Com. on Gal. Joka |i
dyyapedo ; fut. dyyapetow; 1 aor. nyydpevoa; to em- ploy a courier, despatch a mounted messenger. A word of Persian origin [used by Menander, Sicyon. 4], but adopted also into Lat. (Vulg. angariare). ”Ayyapou were public couriers (tabellarii), stationed by appointment of the king of Persia at fixed localities, with horses ready for use, in order to transmit royal messages from one to another and so convey them the more speedily to their destination. See Hdt. 8, 98 [and Rawlinson’s note]; Xen. Cyr. 8, 6, 17 (9); ef. Gesenius, Thesaur. s. v. NN; [B. D. s. v. Angareuo; Vanitek, Fremd- worter s. v. dyyapos]. These couriers had authority to press into their service, in case of need, horses, vessels, even men they met, [cf. Joseph. antt. 13, 2,3]. Hence dyyapetew twa denotes to compel one to go a journey, to bear a burden, or to perform any other service: Mt. v. 41 (Sorts ce dyyapetoes pidoy Ev i. e. whoever shall compel thee to go one mile); xxvii. 32 (7yydpevoav iva app i. e. they forced him to carry), so Mk. xv. 21.*
dyyetov, -ov, 74, (i. q- Td Gyyos), a vessel, receptacle: Mt. xiii. 48 [R GL]; xxv. 4. (From Hdt. down.)*
aryyedos
Gyyehla, -as, 7, (dyyeAos), a message, announcement, thing announced ; precept declared, 1 Jn. i. 5 (where Ree. has émayyed‘a) [cf. Is. xxviii. 9]; iii, 11. [From Hom. down. ]*
dyyehAw ; [1 aor. #yyeda, Jn. iv. 51 T (for dmjyy. R GL Tr br.)]; (dyyedos) 3 to announce : ayyehXovca, Jn. xx.18 LT Tr WH, for RG dmayyéAr. [From Hom. down. Comp.: dv-, an-, Ow, €&-, én-, mpo-en-, Kar-, mpo-KaT-, Tap-ayyeAdw. |*
dyyedos, -ov, 6, 1. a messenger, envoy, one who is sent: Mt. xi. 10; Lk. vii. 24, 27; ix. 52; Mk. i. 2: Jas. li. 25. [Fr. Hom. down.] 2. In the Scriptures, both of the Old Test. and of the New, one of that host of heavenly spirits that, according alike to Jewish and Christian opinion, wait upon the monarch of the. universe, and are sent by him to earth, now to execute his purposes (Mt. iv. 6, 11; xxvili. 2; Mk. i. 13; Lk. XVi. 22; xxii. 43 [L br. WH reject the pass.]; Acts vil. 85; xii. 23; Gal. iii. 19, cf. Heb. i. 14), now to make them known to men (Lk. i. 11, 26, ii. 9 sqq.; Acts x13) KKVILN232° Mi. 1.520 it 13 txocvitin ds fn: xx. 12 sq.); hence the frequent expressions éyyedos (angel, messenger of God, 38912) and dyyedou kupiov or ayy. Tov Geod. They are subject not only to God but also to Christ (Heb. i. 4 sqq.; 1 Pet. iii. 22, cf. Eph. i. 21; Gal.iv. 14), who is described as hereafter to return to judgment surrounded by a multitude of them as ser- vants and attendants: Mt. xiii. 41, 49; xvi. 27; xxiv. Sl pxxye ol; 2) Chi. Wek ude 4. Single angels have the charge of separate elements; as fire, Rev. xiv. 18; waters, Rev. xvi. 5, cf. vii. 1 sq.; Jn. v. 4 [RL]. Respecting the adyyehos tis dBiocov, Rev. ix. 11, see ’*ABaddav, 3. Guardian angels of individuals are men- tioned in Mt. xviii. 10; Acts xii. 15. ‘The angels of the churches’ in Rev. i. 20; ii. 1, 8, 12, 18; iii. 1, 7, 14 are not their presbyters or bishops, but heavenly spirits who exer- cise such a superintendence and guardianship over them that whatever in their assemblies is worthy of praise or of censure is counted to the praise or the blame of their angels also, as though the latter infused their spirit into the assemblies; cf. De Wette, Diisterdieck, [ Alford,] on Rev. i. 20, and Liicke, Einl. in d. Offenb. d. Johan. ii. p- 429 sq. ed. 2; [Bp. Lghtft. on Phil‘p. p. 199 sq.]. did rods ayyéAous that she may show reverence for the angels, invisibly present in the religious assemblies of Christians, and not displease them, 1 Co. xi. 10. &6y dyyéAows in 1 Tim. iii. 16 is probably to be explained neither of angels to whom Christ exhibited himself in heaven, nor of demons triumphed over by him in the nether world, but of the apostles, his messengers, to whom he appeared after his resurrection. This appel- lation, which is certainly extraordinary, is easily un- derstood from the nature of the hymn from which the passage epavepwbn . . . ev dd&n seems to have been taken; cf. W. 639 sq. (594), [for other interpretations see Ellic. adloc.]. In Jn.i. 51 (52) angels are employed, by a beau- tiful image borrowed from Gen. xxviii. 12, to represent the divine power that will aid Jesus in the discharge
aryryos
of his Messianic office, and the signal proofs to appear in his history of a divine superintendence. Certain of the angels have proved faithless to the trust committed to them by God, and have given themselves up to sin, Jude 6; 2 Pet. ii. 4 (Enoch e. vi. etc., cf. Gen. vi. 2), and now obey the devil, Mt. xxv. 41; Rev. Kile Ciel OO: vi. 3 [yet on this last passage cf. Meyer; he and others maintain that ayy. without an epithet or limitation never in the N. T. signifies other than good angels]. Hence dyyehos Saray is trop. used in 2 Co, xii. 7 to denote a grievous bodily malady sent by Satan. See daipov; [Soph. Lex. s. v. éyyehos; and for the literature on the whole subject B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Angels, — and to the reff. there given add G. L. Hahn, Theol. des N. T., i. pp. 260-384; Delitzsch in Riehm s. v. Engel; Kiibel in Herzog ed. 2, ibid.].
dyyos, -eos, 76, (plur. ayyn), i. q. dyyeiov q. v.: Mt. xiii. 48 T Tr WH. (From Hom. down; [cf. Rutherford, New Phryn. p. 23].) *
éye, (properly impv. of dyw), come! come now! used, as it often is in the classics (W. 516 (481)), even when more than one is addressed: Jas. iv. 13; v. 1.*
&yedn, -Ns, 9, (yw to drive), a herd: Mt. viii. 30 sqq.; Mk. v. 11, 13; Lk. viii. 32 sq. (From Hom. down.) *
GyeveahSyntos, -ov, 6, (yeveadoyéw), of whose descent there is no account (in the O. T.), [R. V. without gene- alogy]: Heb. vii. 3 (vs. 6 py yeveadoyovpevos). No- where found in prof. auth.*
ayevis, -€os (-ovs), 6, 7, (yévos), opp. to evyevns, of no family, a man of base birth, a man of no name or repu- tation; often used by prof. writ., also in the secondary sense iynoble, cowardly, mean, base. In the N. T. only in 1 Co. i. 28, ra dyer Tod Kécpov i. e. those who among men are held of no account; on the use of a neut. adj. in ref. to persons, see W. 178 (167) ; [B. 122 (107)].*
dyidto; 1 aor. pyiaca; Pass., [pres. adyrafouat]; pf. Hyi- acpa; 1 aor. ny:doOnv; a word for which the Greeks use dyifew, but very freq. in bibl. (as equiv. to wap, weap) and eccl. writ.; to make dytov, render or declare sacred or holy, consecrate. Hence it denotes 1. to render or acknowledge to be venerable, to hallow: +d dvopa rod cod, Mt. vi. 9 (so of God, Is. xxix. 23; Ezek. xx. 41; Xxxviil. 23; Sir. xxxiii. (xxxvi.) 4); [LK. xi. 2]; Tov Xprordy, 1 Pet. iii. 15 (R G esr). Since the stamp of sacredness passes over from the holiness of God to whatever has any connection with God, dyd¢ew de- notes 2. to separate from things profane and dedicate to God, to consecrate and so render inviolable; a. things (mav mpwrdrokov, ra dpoevxd, Deut. xv. 19; Ayépav, Ex. xx. 8; oikov, 2 Chr. vii. 16, ete.) : tov ypvodv, Mt. xxiii. 17; 16 dapov, vs. 19; cxedos, 2 Tim. ii. 21. b. persons. So Christ is said by undergoing death to consecrate himself to God, whose will he in that way fulfils, Jn. xvii. 19; God is said éysacac Christ, i. e. to have selected him for his service (cf. dopifew, Gal. i. 15) by having committed to him the office of Messiah, Jn. x. 36, cf. Jer. i. 5; Sir. xxxvi. 12 [&& airav fyiace, wal mpds adroy ityywev, of his selection of men for the priesthood]; xlv.
6 Gy Los
4; xlix. 7. Since only what is pure and without blemish can be devoted and offered to God (Lev. xxii. 20; Deut. xv. 21; xvii. 1), dyago signifies 3. to purify, (dré rév dxabaposy is added in Lev. xvi. 19; 28. xi. 4); and a. to cleanse externally (mpos thy THs capkos xabapérnra), to purify levitically: Heb. ix. 13; 1 Tim. iv. 5. b. to purify by expiation, free from the guilt of sin: 1 Co. vi. 11; Eph. v. 26; Heb. x. 10, 14, 29; xiii. 12; ii. 11 (equiv. to 193, Ex. xxix. 33, 36); cf. Pfleiderer, Paulinismus, p. 840 sqq., [Eng. trans. ii. 68 sq.]. ¢. to purify internally by reformation of soul: Jn. xvii. 17, 19 (through knowledge of the truth, cf. Jn. viii. 32); 1 Th. v. 23; 1 Co. i. 2 (€v Xpior “Inood in the fellowship of Christ, the Holy One); Ro. xv. 16 (ev mvevpare a&yio imbued with the Holy Spirit, the divine source of holiness); Jude 1 (L T Tr WH nyamnpéevos Eq. iW-.) gy Fee V gos ae In general, Christians are called yacpévor [cf. Deut. xxxiii. 3], as those who, freed from the impurity of wickedness, have been brought near to God by their faith and sanctity, Acts xx. 32; xxvi. 18. In 1 Co. vii. 14 dysa¢eoOar is used in a peculiar sense of those who, although not Christians themselves, are yet, by marriage with a Christian, with- drawn from the contamination of heathen impiety and brought under the saving influence of the Holy Spirit dis- playing itself among Christians; cf. Neander ad loc.*
dytacpés, -od, 6, a word used only by bibl. and eccl. writ. (for in Diod. 4, 39; Dion. Hal. 1, 21, dyopds is the more correct reading), signifying 1. consecration, purification, rd dy:dfew. 2. the effect of consecration: sanctification of heart and life, 1 Co. i. 30 (Christ is he to whom we are indebted for sanctification); 1 Th. iv. 7; Ro. vi. 19, 22; 1 Tim. ii. 15; Heb. xii. 14; dyaopos mvevparos sanctification wrought by the Holy Spirit, 2 Th. ii. 13; 1 Pet.i.2. It is opposed to lust in 1 Th. iv. 3 sq. (It is used in a ritual sense, Judg. xvii. 3 [Alex.]; Ezek. xlv. 4; [Am. ii. 11]; Sir. vii. 31, ete.) [On its use in the N. T. ef. Ellic. on 1 Th. iv. 3; iii. 13.]*
dytos, -a, -ov, (fr. rd dyos religious awe, reverence ; G{w, Gfouat, to venerate, revere, esp. the gods, parents, (Curtius § 118]), rare in prof. auth.; very frequent in the sacred writ.; in the Sept. for wIIP; 1. properly reverend, worthy of veneration: 76 dvopa Tov beod, Lk. i. 49; God, on account of his incomparable majesty, Rev. iv. 8 (Is. vi. 3, etc.), i. q. &vSofos. Hence used a. of things which on account of some connection with God possess a certain distinction and claim to reverence, as places sacred to God which are not to be profaned, Acts vii. 33; rémos dys the temple, Mt. xxiv. 15 (on which pass. see BdeAvypa, ¢c.); Acts vi. 13; xxi. 28; the holy land or Palestine, 2 Macc. i. 29; ii. 18; 7d G@yov and ta diya [W. 177 (167)] the temple, Heb. ix. 1, 24 (cf. Bleek on Heb. vol. ii. 2, p. 477 sq.) ; spec. that part of the temple or tabernacle which is called ‘the holy place’ (WApD, Ezek. xxxvii. 28; xlv. 18), Heb. ix. 2 [here Rec* reads éyia]; dysa dyiov [W. 246 (231), cf. Ex. XxIx. 37; xxx. 10, etc.] the most hallowed portion of the temple, ‘the holy of holies,’ (Ex. xxvi. 33 [ef. J oseph.
ae aylos
antt. 3, 6, 4]), Heb. ix. 3, in ref. to which the simple ra dya is also used: Heb. ix. 8, 25; x. 19; xiii. 11; fig. of heaven, Heb. viii. 2; ix. 8,12; x. 19; dyia médus Jerusalem, on account of the temple there, Mt. iv. 5; xxvil. 53; Rev. xi. 2; xxi, 2; xxii. 19, (Is. xlviii. 2; Neh. xi. 1,18 [Compl.], etc.) ; 16 dpos 7d Gyrov, because Christ’s transfiguration occurred there, 2 Pet. i. 18; 9 (Geod) ayia diaOjKn i. e. which is the more sacred be- cause made by God himself, Lk. i. 72; 1d dyov, that worshipful offspring of divine power, Lk. i. 35; the blessing of the gospel, Mt. vii. 6; dywwrdrn miotis, faith (quae credituri.e.the object of faith) which came from God and is therefore to be heeded most sacredly, Jude 20; in the same sense dyia évroAy, 2 Pet. ii. 21; KAjous dyia, because it is the invitation of God and claims us as his, 2 Tim. i. 9; dyrat ypapai (ra BiBAla ta aya, 1 Mace. xii. 9), which came from God and contain his words, Ro. i. 2. b. of persons whose services God employs; as for example, apostles, Eph. iii. 5; angels, 1 Th. iii. 13; Mt. xxv. 31 [Rec.]; Rev. xiv. 10; Jude 14; prophets, Acts iii. 21; Lk. i. 70, (Sap. xi. 1); (of) Zytot (rod) Oeov dvOpwmo, 2 Pet. i. 21 [R GL Tr txt.]; worthies of the O. T. accepted by God for their piety, Mt. xxvii. 52; 1 Pet. iii. 5. 2. set apart for God, to be, as it were, exclusively his; foll. by a gen. or dat.: r@ kvpio, Lk. ii. 23; rod Oeod (i. q. ekdexrds Tod 6cod) of Christ, Mk. i. 24; Lk. iv. 34, and acc. to the true reading in Jn. vi. 69, cf. x. 36; he is called also 6 dytos mais Tov Oeov, Acts iv. 30, and simply 6 Gytos, 1 Jn. ii. 20. Just as the Israelites claimed for themselves the title of dysor, because God selected them from the other nations to lead a life acceptable to him and rejoice in his favor and protection (Dan. vii. 18, 22; 2 Esdr. viii. 28), so this appellation is very often in the N. T. transferred to Christians, as those whom God has se- lected ék rod xécpov (Jn. xvii. 14, 16), that under the influence of the Holy Spirit they may be rendered, through holiness, partakers of salvation in the kingdom of God: 1 Pet. ii. 9 (Ex. xix. 6), ef. vs. 5; Acts ix. 13, 82, 41; xxvi. 10; Ro. i. 73 viii. 27; xii. 13; xvi. 15; Co. vi. 1,25 Phils iv. 21 sq-; Col.i. 12;-Heb. vi105 Jude 3; Rev. v. 8, etc.; [cf. B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Saints]. 3. of sacrifices and offerings; prepared for God with solemn rite, pure, clean, (opp. to dxdOapros) : 1 Co. vii. 14, (cf. Eph. v. 3); connected with dypos, Eph. i. 4; v. 27; Col. i. 22; dmapyn, Ro. xi. 16; @voia, Ro. xii. 1. Hence 4. in a moral sense, pure, sinless, upright, holy: 1 Pet. i. 16 (Lev. xix. 2; xi. 44); 1 Co. vii. 34; Sixavos x. dytos, of John the Baptist, Mk. vi. 20; dytos k. Sixacos, of Christ, Acts iii. 14; distinctively of him, Rev. iii. 7; vi. 10; of God pre-eminently, 1 Pet. i. 15; Jn. xvii. 113; Gysae dvacrpodai, 2 Pet. iii. 11; vopos and évro\n, i. e. containing nothing exceptionable, Ro. vii. 12; PéiAnpa, such a kiss as is a sign of the purest love, 1 Th. v. 26; 1 Co. xvi. 20; 2 Co. xiii. 12; Ro. xvi. 16. On the phrase ré dytov mvedpa and 16 mvedpa 7d aytov, see mvevpa, 4 a. Cf. Diestel, Die Heiligkeit Gottes, in Jahrbb. f. deutsch. Theol. iv. p. 1 sqq.; [Baudissin,
ayvita
Stud. z. Semitisch. Religionsgesch. Heft ii. p. 3 sqq.3 Delitzsch in Herzog ed. 2, v. 714 sqq.; esp.] Cremer, Worterbuch, 4te Aufl. p. 32 sqq. [trans. of 2d ed. p. 34 sqq-3; Oehler in Herzog xix. 618 sqq.; Zezschwitz, Pro fangricitit u.s. w. p. 15 sqq.; Trench § lxxxviii.; Camp- bell, Dissertations, diss. vi., pt. iv. ; esp. Schmidt ch. 181].
dyoTns, -nTos, 7, sanctity, in a moral sense; holiness: 2 Co. i.12 L T Tr WH; Heb. xii. 10. (Besides only in 2 Mace. xv. 2; [cf. W. 25, and on words of thie termination Lob. ad Phryn. p. 350].) *
dytwrivy [on the see reff. in dyadwovm, init.], -ns, 7, a word unknown to prof. auth. [B. 73 (64)]; 1. (God’s incomparable) majesty, (joined to peyadompémea, Ps. xev. (xevi.) 6, cf. exliv. (exlv.) 5): mvedpa dywwovrns a spirit to which belongs dywovrn, not equiv. to mvedpa yoy, but the divine [?] spiritual nature in Christ as contrasted with his oap&, Ro. i. 4; cf. Riickert ad loc., and Zeller in his Theol. Jahrbb. for 1842, p. 486 sqq.; [yet ef. Mey. ad loc.; Gifford (in the Speaker’s Com.). Most commentators (cf. e. g. Ellic. on Thess. as below) regard the word as uniformly and only signifying holiness]. 2. moral purity: 1 Th. iii. 13; 2 Co. vii. 1*
GyKadn, -ns, 7, (aykn, dyads [fr. r. ak to bend, curve, cf. Lat. uncus, angulus, Eng. angle, etc.; cf. Curtius § 1; Vaniéek p. 2 sq.]), the curve or inner angle of the arm: deEacOat eis tas aykddas, Lk. ii. 28. The Greeks also said dyads aBeiv, év dyxddas mepupéepew, etc., see evay- kaXiCoua. [(From Aeschyl. and Hdt. down.)]*
dyxurtpoy, -ov, 76, (fr. an unused dyxit to angle [see the preceding word]), a fish-hook: Mt. xvii. 27.*
dykvpa, -as, 7, [see dyxaAn], an anchor — [ancient an- chors resembled modern in form: were of iron, provided with a stock, and with two teeth-like extremities often but by no means always without flukes; see Roschach in Daremberg and Saglio’s Dict. des Antiq. (1878) p. 267; Guhl and Koner p. 258]: pimrew to cast (Lat. jacere), Acts xxvii. 29 ; éxreivety, vs. 30 ; mepuatpety, vs. 40. Fig- uratively, any stay or safeguard: as hope, Heb. vi. 19; Eur. Hee. 78 (80); Heliod. vii. p. 352 (350).*
dyvados, -ov, 6, }, (yvamrrw to dress or full cloth, cf. dppagdos), unmilled, unfulled, undressed : Mt. ix. 16; Mk. ii. 21. [Cf. Moeris s. v. dkvamrov; Thom. Mag. p. 12, 14.]*
dyvela [WH dyvia (see I, ¢)], -as, 7, (dyvedo), purity, sinlessness of life: 1 Tim. iv. 12; v. 2. (Of a Nazirite, Num. vi. 2, 21.) [From Soph. O. T. 864 down.] *
dyvite; 1 aor. #ynoa; pf. ptcp. act. iyrikds; pass. Hyveopevos; 1 aor. pass. tryvicOnv [W. 252 (237) ]; (ayvos) 5 to purify; 1. ceremonially: ¢yavrov, Jo. xi. 55 (to cleanse themselves from levitical pollution by means of prayers, abstinence, washings, sacrifices) ; the pass. has a reflexive force, to take upon one’s self a purifica- tion, Acts xxi. 24, 26; xxiv. 18 (1.437, Num. vi. 3), and is used of Nazirites or those who had taken upon them- selves a temporary or a life-long vow to abstain from wine and all kinds of intoxicating drink, from every defilement and from shaving the head [cf. BB. DD. s. v. Nazarite]. 2. morally: ras xapSias, Jas. iv. 8; tas Wuxds, 1 Pet. i, 22; éavrov, 1 Jn. iii. 8. (Soph., Eur., Plut., al.)*
aryvie wos
dyviopes, -0d, 6, purification, lustration, [Dion. Hal. SS 22, i. p. 469,13; Plut. de defect. orac. 15]: Acts xxi. 26 (equiv. to 143, Num. vi. 5), Naziritic; see dyvito, 1.*
&yvoéw (INO [cf. ywooke }), -6, [impv. ayvoeira 1 Co. xiv. 38 R G Tr txt. WH mrg.]; impf. 7yrdovv; 1 aor. nyvonoa; [Pass., pres. dyvoovpa, ptep. dayvoovpevos; fr. Hom. down]; a. to be ignorant, not to know: absol., 1 Tim. i. 13; rwd, ri, Acts xiii. 27; xvii. 23; Ro. x. 33 é rm (as in [Test. Jos. § 14] Fabricii Pseudepigr. ii. p- 717 [but the reading jyvoouv eal mace tovros is NOW given here; see Test. xii. Patr. ad fid. cod. Cant. etc., ed. Sinker, Cambr. 1869]), 2 Pet. ii. 12, unless one prefer to resolve the expression thus: €v rovrows, 4 dyvoovot BAac- gnpodrres, W. 629 (584), [ef. B. 287 (246) |; foll. by ors, Ro. ii. 4; vi. 3; vii. 1; 1 Co. xiv. 38 (where the antece- dent clause érz xrA. is to be supplied again); od deAw ipas ayvoeiv, a phrase often used by Paul, [an emphatic] scitote: foll. by an ace. of the obj., Ro. xi. 25; timep rivos, 6rt, 2 Co. i. 8; wepi twos, 1 Co. xii. 1; 1 Th. iv. 13; foll. by dr, Ro. i. 13; 1 Co.x.1; in the pass. dyvoetra: ‘he is not known’ i. e. ace. to the context ‘he is disregarded,’ 1 Co. xiv. 88 L T Tr mrg. WH txt. ; dyvoovpevor (opp. to émvywwookopevor) men unknown, obscure, 2 Co. vi. 9; dyvoovpevds tu unknown to one, Gal. i. 22; ov« dyvoeiv to know very well,'ri, 2 Co. ii. 11 (Sap. xii. 10). b. not to understand: ri, Mk. ix. 32; Lk. ix. 45. c. to err, sin through mistake, spoken mildly of those who are not high-handed or wilful transgressors (Sir. v.15; 2 Macc. xi. 31): Heb. v. 2, on which see Delitzsch.*
Gyvonpa, -ros, 7d, @ sin, (strictly, that committed through ignorance or thoughtlessness [A. V. error]): Heb. ix. 7 (1 Mace. xiii. 39; Tob. iii. 3; Sir. xxiii. 2); cf. dyvo€a, c. [and Trench § Ixvi. ].*
dyvoua, -as, 7, [fr. Aeschyl. down], want of knowledge, ignorance, esp. of divine things: Acts xvii. 80; 1 Pet. i. 14; such as is inexcusable, Eph. iv. 18 (Sap. xiv. 22); of moral blindness, Acts iii. 17. [Cf. dyvoéw.]*
dyvos, -n, -ov, (GCopat, see dyios) ; 1. exciting rever- ence, venerable, sacred: mip Kat 7 orodds, 2 Mace. xiii. 8; Eur. El. 812. 2. pure (Eur. Or. 1604 dyvds yap eit xetpas, GAN’ ov ras dpevas, Hipp. 316 sq. dyvas ... xeipas aiwaros épets, xeipes pev dyvai, dpyy 8 exe piacpa); a. pure from carnality, chaste, modest: Tit. ii. 5; map6évos an unsullied virgin, 2 Co. xi. 2 (4 Mace. xvil. 7). b. pure from every fault, immaculate: 2 Co. Vite dt seh iv. o/s leis ve 22s le betaitin dss iinet. 3 (of God [yet cf. exeivos 1 b.]); Jas. iii. 17. (From Hom. down.) [Cf. reff. s. v. dys, fin. ; Westc. on 1 Jn. iii. 3.]*
dyvérns, -nTos, 7, [dyvds], purity, uprightness of life: 2 Co. vi. 6; in 2 Co. xi. 3 some critical authorities add kai ris dyvornros after dmAdrnros (so L Tr txt., but Tr mrg. WH br.), others read ris éyvérnros xat before dmhor. Found once in prof. auth., see Boeckh, Corp. Inserr.i. p.583 no. 1133 1. 15: Sixaroodyns everev Kal éyr6- T™TOS.*
dyvas, adv., purely, with sincerity: Phil. i. 16 (17).*
dyverla, -as, 9, (yrdots), want of knowledge, igno- cance: 1 Pet. ii, 15; 1 Co. xv. 34, (Sap. xiii. 1)
8 aypavréea
&-yvarros, -ov, [fr. Hom. down], unknown: Acts xvii. 23 [cf. B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Altar ].*
dyopé,, -ds, 7, (dyeipo, pf. iyopa, to collect), [fr. Hom. down | ; 1. any collection of men, congregation, as- sembly. 2. place where assemblies are held; in the N. T. the forum or public place, — where trials are held, Acts xvi. 19; and the citizens resort, Acts xvii. 17; and commodities are exposed for sale, Mk. vii. 4 (dm dyopas sc. éAOovres on returning from the market if they have not washed themselves they eat not; W. § 66, 2 d. note); accordingly, the most frequented part of a city or vil- lage: Mt. xi. 16, (Lk. vii. 32); Mk. vi. 56; Mt. xx. 3; xxiii. 7; Mk. xii. 88; [Lk. xi.43]; xx.46. [See B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Market. ]*
ayopatw ; [impf. jyopagov; fut. dyopacw]; 1, aor. iyd- paca; Pass., pf. ptcep. myopacpeévos; 1 zor. nyopac np ; (ayopa); 1. to frequent the market-place. 2. to buy (properly, in the market-place), [Arstph., Xen., al.]; used a. literally: absol., Mt. xxi. 12; Mk. xi. 15; Lk. xix. 45 [not G T Tr WH]; i, Mt. xiii. 44, 46; xiv. 15 and parallel pass., Jn. iv. 8; vi.5; with mapa and gen. of the pers. fr. whom, Rev. iii. 18, [Sept., Polyb.]; é« and gen. of price, Mt. xxvii. 7; simple gen. of price, Mk. vi. 37. b. figuratively: Christ is said to have purchased his disciples i. e. made them, as it were, his private property, 1 Co. vi. 20 [this is commonly understood of God; but cf. Jn. xvii. 9,10]; 1 Co. vii. 23 (with gen. of price added; see rin, 1); 2 Pet. ii. 1. He is also said to have bought them for God é TO aipare avrov, by shedding his blood, Rev. v. 9; they, too, are spoken of as purchased az6 ris yas, Rev. xiv. 3, and amo tév avOparer, vs. 4, so that they are withdrawn from the earth (and its miseries) and from (wicked) men. But ayopdg{w does not mean redeem (eEayopatw), —as is commonly said. [Comp.: ¢&-ayopd¢w. |
ayopatos (rarely -aia), -aiov, (dyopa), relating to the market-place; 1. frequenting the market-place, (either transacting business, as the xcamndou, or) sauntering idly, (Lat. subrostranus, subbasilicanus, Germ. Pflastertreter, our loafer): Acts xvii. 5, (Plat. Prot. 347 ¢. dyopatot kat gaidor, Arstph. ran. 1015, al.). 2. of affairs usually transacted in the market-place: dyopaiou (sc. nuepar [W. 590 (549)] or cvvodo. [Mey. et al.]) dyovrat, judicial days or assemblies, [A. V. mrg. court-days], Acts xix. 38 (Tas ayopaious roveic ba, Strabo 13, p. 932), but many think we ought to read aydpao here, so G L ef. W. 53 (52); but see [Alf. and Tdf. ad loc.; Lipsius, Gram. Untersuch. p. 26;] Meyer on Acts xvii. 5; Gottling p- 297; [Chandler ed. 1 p. 269].*
dypa,-as, 7, [a@yo}; 1. acatching, hunting: Lk. v. 4. 2. the thing caught: &ypa rév ixOdav ‘the catch or haul of fish’ i.e. the fishes taken [A. V. draught], Lk. v. 9.*
dypdpparos, -ov, [ypduual, illiterate, without learning: Acts iv. 13 (i. e. unversed in the learning of the Jewish schools ; cf. Jn. vii. 15 ypdupara pi) pepadnnds).*
dyp-avhéw, -; to be an aypavdos (dypds, addj), i. & to live in the fields, be under the open sky, even by night: Lk. ii. 8, (Strabo p. 301 a.; Plut. Num. 4).*
aypevo
Gypetea: 1 aor. Hypevoa; (dypa); to catch (properly, wild animals, fishes): fig., Mk. xii. 13 tva abrév dypevowot Acy@ in order to entrap him by some inconsiderate re- mark elicited from him in conversation, cf. Lk. xx. 20. (In Anthol. it often denotes to ensnare in the toils of love, captivate; cf. maydevo, Mt. xxii. 15; caynvevo, Leian. Tim. 25.) *
Gypt-Ehatos, -ov, (4yptos and éAaos or éAaia, like éypudp- meQos) 3 1. of or belonging to the oleaster, or wild olive, (oxvradyny dypiédaov, Anthol. 9, 237, 4; [ef. Lob. Para- lip. p. 376]); spoken of a scion, Ro. xi. 17. 2. As subst. 4 dypséAaos the oleaster, the wild olive, (opp. to kaddcehavos [cf. Aristot. plant. 1, 6]), also called by the Greeks xorwos, Ro. xi. 24; cf. Fritzscheon Rom. vol. ii. 495 sqq. [See B. D. s. v. Olive, and Tristram, Nat. Hist. of the Bible, s. v. Olive. The latter says, p. 377, ‘the wild olive must not be confounded with the Oleaster or Oil-tree ’.]*
dyptos, -a,-ov, (dypds), [fr. Hom. down]; 1. living or growing in the fields or the woods, used of animals in a state of nature, and of plants which grow without culture: pede aypiov wild honey, either that which is deposited by bees in hollow trees, clefts of rocks, on the bare ground (1 8. xiv. 25 [cf. vs. 26]), ete., or more cor- rectly that which distils from certain trees, and is gath- ered when it has become hard, (Diod. Sic. 19, 94 fin. speaking of the Nabathaean Arabians says dvera: rap’ avrois wéAL TOAD TO KaAOVpEVOY AypLOV, @ XpavTar TOTS pe vdaros; cf. Suid. and esp. Suicer s. v. dxpis): Mt. iii. 4; Mk.i. 6. 2. fierce, untamed: xipata Oaddoons, Jude 13 (Sap. xiv. 1).*
*Ayplamas, -a (respecting this gen. see W. § 8, 1 p. 60 (59); B. 20 (18)), 6, see “Hpwdns, (3 and) 4.
dypés, -od, 6, [fr. dyw; prop. a drove or driving-place, then, pasturage; cf. Lat. ager, Germ. Acker, Eng. acre; Fick, Pt.i. p. 8]; a. a field, the country: Mt. vi. 28; xxiv.18, Lk. xv.15; [Mk.xi.8 TTr WH], etc. b. i. q. xapiov, a piece of land, bit of tillage: Actsiv. 37; Mk. x..29; Mt. xiil. 24, 27, etc: Cc. of adypot the farms, country-seats, neighboring hamlets: Mk. v. 14 (opp. to mods); vi. 36; Lk. ix. 12. [(From Hom. on.)]
aypuTvéw, -@; (dypumvos equiv. to dimvos); to be sleep- less, keep awake, watch, (i. q. ypyyopéw [see below]) ; [fr. Theognis down]; trop. to be circumspect, attentive, ready: Mk. xiii. 33; Lk. xxi. 36; es rt, to be intent upon a thing, Eph. vi. 18; démép twos, to exercise con- stant vigilance over something (an image drawn from shepherds), Heb. xiii. 17. [SYN. dypumvetv, ypnyo- peiv, vnperv: “dypumveiy may be taken to express sim- ply ... absence of sleep, and, pointedly, the absence of it when due to nature, and thence a wakeful frame of mind as opposed to listlessness; while ypryopeiy (the offspring of éypyyopa) represents a waking state as the effect of some arousing effort... i. e. a more stir- ring image than the former. The group of synonyms is completed by vnpetv, which signifies « state untouched by any slumberous or beclouding influences, and thence, one that is guarded against advances of drowsiness or
* ayo
bewilderment. Thus it becomes a term for warinese (cf. vade kal pépvac’ dmoreiv) against spiritual dangers and beguilements, 1 Pet. v. 8, ete.” Green, Crit. Notes on the N. T. (note on Mk. xiii. 33 sq.).]*
dyputvia, -as, 7, sleeplessness, watching: 2 Co. vi. 5; xi. 27. [From Hat. down.]*
dy; impf. pyov; fut. do; 2 aor. #yayov, inf. dyayeiv, (more rarely 1 aor. 7£a, in émdyo 2 Pet. ii. 5); Pass., pres. dyouat; impf. nydunv; 1 aor. #yOnv; 1 fut. axOn- couat; [fr. Hom. down]; to drive, lead. 1. properly [A. V. ordinarily, to bring]; a. to lead by laying hold of, and in this way to bring to the point of desti- nation: of an animal, Mt. xxi. 7; Lk. xix. 35; Mk. xi. 7 (T Tr WH ¢épovew) ; [Lk. xix. 30]; rua foll. by es with ace. of place, Lk. iv. 9 [al. refer this to 2 ¢.]; x. 345 (Hyayov k. eionyayoy eis, Lk. xxii. 54); Jn. xviii. 23; Acts vi. 12; \ix. 2;ixvii..5 [R.G)3 xxi. 345. xxil, 5,;24 Rec. ; xxiii. 10, 31; émi with acc., Acts xvii. 19; as, Lk. iv. 29; mpds twa, to persons, LK. [iv. 40]; xviii. 40; Acts ix. 27; Jn. viii. 3[Ree.]. __b. to lead by accom- panying to (into) any place: eis, Acts xi. 26 (25); gas, Acts xvii. 15; spés teva, to persons, Jn. i. 42 (43); ix. 13; Acts xxiii. 18; foll. by dat. of pers. to whom, Acts xxi. 16 on which see W. 214 (201) at length, [cf. B. 284 (244) ], (1 Mace. vii. 2 @yew adrods aire). c. to lead with one’s self, attach to one’s self as an attendant: twa, 2 Tim. iv. 11; 1 Th. iv. 14, (Joseph. antt. 10, 9, 6 amnpev eis Thy Avyumtov aywv Kal ‘Iepepiay). Some refer Acts xxi. 16 to this head, resolving it dyovres Mvdowva nmap © &eroOapev, but incorrectly, see W. [and B.] as above. d. to conduct, bring: twa, [Lk. xix. 27]; Jn. Wit. 45° (xix, 413i| 3 Acts v.25 26, [i27i] si xix. 37 sexx. 12; xxv. 6, 23; médov, Mk. xi. 2 (where T Tr WH dépere) ; [Lk. xix. 30, see a. above]; twa rum or ti Tu, Mt. xxi. 2; Acts xiii. 23 G L T Tr WH. e. to lead away, to a court of justice, magistrate, etc.: simply, Mk. xiii. 11; [Acts xxv. 17]; émi with acc., Mt. x. 18; Lk. xxi. 12 (T Tr WH dayopeévous) ; [Lk. xxiii. 1]; Acts [ix. 21]; xviii. 12; (often in Attic); [pds with acc., Jn. xviii. 183 L T Tr WH]; to punishment: simply (2 Mace. vi. 29; vii. 18, ete.), Jn. xix. 16 Grsb. (R kal annyayor, which L T Tr WH have expunged); with telic inf., Lk. xxiii. 832; [foll. by ta, Mk. xv. 20 Lchm.]; émi oayny, Acts viii. 32, (émt Oavarw, Xen. mem. 4, 4, 3; an. 1, 6,10). 2. tropically ; a. to lead, guide, direct: Jn. x. 163; els peravotay, Ro. ii. 4. b. to lead through, conduct, to something, become the author of good or of evil to some one: es ddfav, Heb. ii. 10, (eis [al. émi] cadoxayabiar, Xen. mem. 1, 6, 14; els SovAeiav, Dem. p. 213, 28). ¢. fo move, impel, of forces and influences affecting the mind: Lk. iv. 1 (where read é» Th épnpe [with L txt. T Tr WH]); mvevpare beod dyer Oar, Ro. viii. 14; Gal. v. 18; émOvpias, 2 Tim. iii. 6; sim- ply, wrged on by blind impulse, 1 Co. xii. 2— unless im- pelled by Satan’s influence be preferable, cf. 1 Co. x. 20; Eph. ii. 2; [B. 383 (828) sq.]. 3. to pass a day, keep or celebrate a feast, etc. : rpirny jyépav ayet sc. 6 *Ixpan\, Lk. xxiv. 21 [others (see Meyer) supply adros
ayoyn
ar 6 "Ingois; still others take dyes as impers., one passes, Vulg. tertia dies est; see B. 134 (118)]; yeveriov dyope- vov, Mt. xiv.6 RG; dyopator (q. v. 2), Acts xix. 38; often in the O. T. Apocr. (cf. Wahl, Clavis Apocr. s. v. dyo, 3), in Hdt. and Attic writ. 4. intrans. to go, depart, (W. § 38, 1, p. 251 (236) ; [B. 144 (126)]): dyopev let us go, Mt. xxvi. 46; Mk. xiv. 42; Jn. xiv. 31; mpos rwa, Jn. xi. 153 es with acc. of place, Mk. i. 38; Ju. xi. 7, (Epict. diss. 3, 22, 55 dyapev émt tov avOvmarov) ; {foll. by tva, Jn. xi. 16. Comp.: ar, én-ar-, an-, ovv-aT-, bt-, eio-, map-eo-, €E-, em-, KAT-, PET-, Tap-, WEPL-, TPO-, MPOT-s our, émvovr-, in-dyo. Syn. cf. Schmidt ch. 105.] ss
dywyh, -7s, 4, (fr. dye, like dy fr. @w); 1. prop- erly, aleading. 2. figuratively, a. trans. a conduct- ing, training, education, discipline. b. intrans. the life led, way or course of life (a use which arose from the fuller expression dywy? Tod Biov, in Polyb. 4, 74, 1.4; cf. Germ. Lebensfiihrung): 2 Tim. iii. 10 [R. V. conduct], (Esth. ii. 20; 2 Mace. iv. 16; 4 €v Xpior@ dywyy, Clem. Rom. 1 Cor. 47, 6; dy) dywyn, ibid. 48, 1). Often in prof. auth. in all these senses.*
ayév, -Bvos, 6, (@yw); 1. a place of assembly (Hom. Tl. 7, 298; 18,376); spec. the place in which the Greeks assembled to celebrate solemn games (as the Pythian, the Olympian); hence 2. a contest, of athletes, run- ners, charioteers. In a fig. sense, a. in the phrase (used by the Greeks, see tpéxyo, b.) rpéyew tov dydva, Heb. xii. 1, that is to say ‘Amid all hindrances let us exert ourselves to the utmost to attain to the goal of perfection set before the followers of Christ’; any struggle with dangers, annoyances, obstacles, standing in the way of faith, holiness, and a desire to spread the gospel: 1 Th. ii. 2; Phil. i. 80; 1 Tim. vi. 12; 2 Tim. vend b. intense solicitude, anxiety: mepi twos, Col. ii. 1 (ef. Eur. Ph. 1350; Polyb. 4, 56,4]. On the ethical use of figures borrowed from the Greek Games cf. Grimm on Sap. iv. 1; [Howson, Metaphors of St. Paul, Essay iv.; Conyb. and Hows. Life and Epp. of St. Paul, ch. xx.; Me. and S. iii. 733° sq.; BB.DD. s. v. Games ].*
&yovla, -as, 7) ; 1. i. q. dywv, which see. 2. It is often used, from Dem. (on the Crown p. 236, 19 fv 6 Pilinmos ev PdBo kai word} dywvia) down, of severe mental struggles and emotions, agony, anguish: Lk. xxii. 44 [L br. WH reject the pass.]; (2 Mace. iii. 14, 16; xv.19; Joseph. antt. 11,8, 4 6 dpyvepeds Av ev ayevia cai dcer). (Cf. Mield, Otium Norv. iii. on Lk. 1. ¢.]*
Gyovifonar; impf. nyorCdunv; pf. nyovicpat; a depon. mid. verb (cf. W. 260 (244)]; (dyayv) ; 1. to enter a contest ; contend in the gymnastic games: 1 Co. ix. 25. 2. univ. to contend with adversaries, Jight: foll. by iva pn, Jn. xviii. 36. 3. fig. to contend, struggle, with difficulties and dangers antagonistic to the gospel: Col. i. 29; 1 Tim. iv. 10 (L T Tr txt. WH txt.; for Ree. dvediCoueOa) ; dyovifoua dydva (often used by the Greeks also, esp. the Attic), 1 Tim. vi. 12; 2 Tim. iv. 7. 4. to endeavor with strenuous zeal, strive, to obtain
something ; foll. by an inf., Lk. xiii. 24; Sp rwos ev tais
10
aderdos mpogevxais, wa, Col. iv. 12. [Comr.: dyt-, én-, Kat-, ovy-aywvigopat. |*
“ABdu, ies prop. name (but in J oseph. “Adapos, -ov), DIN (i. e. acc. to Philo, de leg. alleg. i. 29, Opp. is p.62 oa Mand, ynivos ; acc. to Euseb. Prep. Ev. vii. 8 YTyErns j ace. to Joseph. antt. 1, 1, 2 muppés, with which Gesenius agrees, see his Thesaur. i. p. 25)5 1. Adam, the first man and the parent of the whole human race: Lk. iii. 38; Ro. v.14; 1 Co. xv. 22, 45; 1 Tim. ii. 13 sq.; Jude 14. Tn accordance with the Rabbinic distinction between the former Adam (WRIT D1 ), the first man, the author of ‘all our woe,’ and the latter Adam (}}0NN87 078), the Messiah, the redeemer, in 1 Co. xv. 45 Jesus Christ is called 6 éryaros "Addu (see €oxaros, 1) and contrasted with 6 mparos dvOpwmos; Ro. v. 14 6 péAdoy se. ’Adap. [2. one of the ancestors of Jesus: Lk. iii. 33 WH mrg. (cf. ’Adpety). |*
&Sdavos, -ov, (Samdvn), without expense, requiring no outlay: 1 Co. ix. 18 (a ddaravoy Ojow rd evayyedtor ‘that I may make Christian instruction gratuitous”).*
*ASS( or ’AdSei T Tr WH [see WH. App. p. 155, and s. v. €t,¢], 6, the indecl. prop. name of one of the ances- tors of Christ: Lk. iii. 28.*
aSeAHh, -Fs, 7, (see adeAdds), [fr. Aeschyl. down], sis- ter ; 1. a full, own sister (i.e. by birth): Mt. xix. 29: Lk. x39) sq.5 dns xi. 1, 3,07) X1x- 205 NO. XVIeLOS etc.; respecting the sisters of Christ, mentioned in Mt. xiii. 56; Mk. vi. 3, see ddedgés, 1. 2. one connected by the tie of the Christian religion: 1 Co. vii. 15; ix. 5; Philem. 2 LT Tr WH; Jas. ii. 15; with a subj. gen., a Christian woman especially dear to one, Ro. xvi. 1.
&S8eAdéds, -od, 6, (fr. a copulative and dedAdis, from the same womb; cf. aydotwp), [fr. Hom. down]; hse brother (whether born of the same two parents, or only of the same father or the same mother): Mt. i. 2; iv. 18, and often. That ‘the brethren of Jesus,’ Mt. xii. 46, 47 [but WH only in mrg.]; xiii. 55 sq.; Mk. vi. 3 (in the last two passages also sisters); Lk. viii. 19 sq.; Jn. ii. 125"vul. 3; Acts’ 1.14: "Gal, 1 19591 Co.eixeo.mare neither sons of Joseph by a wife married before Mary (which is the account in the Apocryphal Gospels [ef. Thilo, Cod. Apocr. N. T. i. 362 sq.]), nor cousins, the children of Alphzeus or Cleophas [i. e. Clopas] and Mary a sister of the mother of Jesus (the current opinion among the doctors of the church since Jerome and Au- gustine [cf. Bp. Lghtft. Com. on Gal., diss. ii-]), accord- ing to that use of language by which ddeAdés like the Hebr. n& denotes any blood-relation or kinsman (Gen. xiv. 1651'S. xx." 29) 2°K. “x TS3"7 WChre xxi 22: etc.), but own brothers, born after Jesus, is clear prin- cipally from Mt. i. 25 [only in R G]; Lk. ii. 7— where, had Mary borne no other childrén after Jesus, instead of vidv mpwrdroxov, the expression vidv povoyevn would have been used, as well as from Acts i. 14, cf. Jn. vii. Ds where the Lord’s brethren are distinguished from the apostles. See further on this point under ’IdkaBos, 3. (Cf. B. D. s. v. Brother; Andrews, Life of our Lord, pp. 104-116; Bib. Sacr. for 1864, pp. 855-869; for 1869
aderdhorns
pp: 745-758; Laurent, N. T. Studien pp. 153-193; Mc- Clellan, note on Mt. xiii. 55.] 2. according to a flebr. use of nx (Ex. ii. 11; iv. 18, etc.), hardly to be met with in prof. auth., having the same national ances- tor, belonging to the same people, countryman; so the Jews (as the oméppa ABpady, viol Iopana, cf. Acts xiii. 26; [in Deut. xv. 3 opp. to 6 ddAérptos, cf. xvii. 15; xv. 12; Philo de septen. § 9 init.]) are called aSeAqoi: Mt. v.47; Acts iii. 22 (Deut. xviii. 15); vii. 23; xxii. 5; xxvill. 15, 21; Ro. ix. 3; in address, Acts ii. 29; iii. 17; xxiii. 1; Heb. vii. 5. 3. just as in Lev. xix. 17 the word nx is used interchangeably with p> (but, as vss. 16, 18 show, in speaking of Israelites), so in the Sayings of Christ, Mt. v. 22, 24; vii. 3 sqq., ddeAdds is used for 6 mAnoiov to denote (as appears from Lk. x. 29 sqq.) any fellow-man, — as having one and the same father with others, viz. God (Heb. ii. 11), and as de- scended from the same first ancestor (Acts xvii. 26); ef. Epict. diss. 1, 13, 3. 4. a fellow-believer, united to another by the bond of affection; so most frequently of Christians, constituting as it were but a single family: Mt. xxiii. 8; Jn. xxi. 23; Acts vi. 3 [Lchm. om.]; ix. SO LEXimls eG alenien2 stl COoaves lien) Philvin t4,eete.s in courteous address, Ro. i. 13; vii. 1; 1 Co. i. 10; 1 Jn. ii. 7 Rec., and often elsewhere ; yet in the phraseology of John it has reference to the new life unto which men are begotten again by the efficiency of a common father, even God: 1 Jn. ii. 9 sqq.; ili. 10, 14, ete., cf. v. 1. 5. an associate in employment or office: 1 Co. i. 1; 2Co. i. 1; ii. 18(12); Eph. vi. 21; Col. i. 1. 6. brethren of Christ is used of, a. his brothers by blood; see 1 above. b. all men: Mt. xxv. 40 [Lchm. br.]; Heb. ii. 11 sq. [al. refer these exx. to d.] cc. apostles: Mt. xxviii. 10: Jn. xx. 17. a. Christians, as those who are destined to be exalted to the same heavenly d0£a (q. v. III. 4 b.) which he enjoys: Ro. viii. 29.
&beAhstys, -nTos, 7, brotherhood; the abstract for the concrete, a band of brothers i.e. of Christians, Chris- tian brethren: 1 Pet. ii. 17; v. 9. (1 Mace. xii. 10, 17, the connection of allied nations; 4 Macc. ix. 23; x. 3, the connection of brothers; Dio Chrys. ii. 137 [ed. Reiske]; often in eccl. writ.) *
G-8ydos, -ov, (Ojos), not manifest: Lk. xi. 44; indis- tinct, uncertain, obscure: porn, 1 Co. xiv. 8. (In Grk. auth. fr. Hes. down.) [Cf. 87Aos,fin.; Schmidt ch. 130.]*
&SnAStys, -NTos, 7, uncertainty: 1 Tim. vi. 17 mAovToU ddndérnre equiv. to mrovt@ adnre, cf. W. § 34, 3a. [Polyb., Dion. Hal., Philo.]*
&Shrws, adv., uncertainly: 1 Co. ix. 26 oUT@ Tpexa, és otk adjdos i.e. not uncertain whither; cf. Mey. ad loc. [(Thuc., al.)]*
GSqpovéw, -6; (fr. the unused ddjpov, and this fr. a priv. and dipos; accordingly uncomfortable, as not at home, cf. Germ. unheimisch, unheimlich ; cf. Bttm. Lexil. ii. 136 [Fishlake’s trans. p. 29 sq. But Lob. (Pathol. Proleg. p. 238, ef. p. 160) et al. connect it with ddqjpor, adjoar; see Bp. Lehtft. on Phil. ii. 26]); to be troubled, distressed: Mt. xxvi. 87; Mk. xiv. 38; Phil. ii. 26.
et
adiuxéw
(Xen. Hell. 4, 4, 3 ddqpovqoa ras Wuyxds, and often in prof. auth.) *
“Ads, dons, -ov, 6, (for the older ’Aidns, which Hom. uses, and this fr. a priv. and i8eiv, not to be seen, [ef. Lob. Path. Element. ii. 6 sq.]); in the classics 1. a prop. name, fades, Pluto, the god of the lower regions; so in Hom. always. 2. an appellative, Orcus, the nether world, the realm of the dead (cf. Theocr. idyll. 2, 159 schol. rv rod Gov kpover rUANY: TodT Cotw drobaveira]. In the Sept. the Hebr. 5}sxw is almost always rendered by this word (once by 6dvaros, 2 S. xxii. 6); it denotes, therefore, in bibl. Grk. Orcus, the infernal regions, a dark (Job x. 21) and dismal place (but cf. yéevva and mapadeuos) in the very depths of the earth (Job xi. 8; Is. lvii. 9; Am. ix. 2, ete.; see 48vacos), the common receptacle of disembodied spirits: Lk. xvi. 23; eis ddov sc. ddpov, Acts ii. 27, 31, ace. to a very common ellipsis, cf. W. 592 (550) [B. 171 (149)]; (but L T Tr WH in vs. 27 and T WH in both verses read eis ddyv; so Sept. Ps. xv. (xvi.) 10); mvAat ddov, Mt. xvi. 18 (avAwpot adov, Job XXxvill. 17; see mvAn)}; KAeis tov ddov, Rev. i. 18; Hades as a power is personified, 1 Co. xv. 55 (where L T Tr WH read Oavare for R G addy [cf. Acts ii. 24 Tr mrg.]); Rev. vi. 8; xx.13 sq. Metaph. ws ddov [kara- Baivew or] xaraBiBaecOa to [go or] be thrust down into the depth of misery and disgrace: Mt. xi. 23 [here LTr WH karaBaivew]; Lk. x. 15 [here Tr mrg. WH txt. kataBaivew]. [See esp. Boettcher, De Inferis, s. v.”Acdns in Grk. index. On the existence and locality of Hades cf. Greswell on the Parables, App. ch. x. vol. v. pt. ii. pp- 261-406; on the doctrinal significance of the word see the BB.DD. and E. R. Craven in Lange on Rey. pp. 364-377. ]*
&-5.d-KptTos, -ov, (Staxpive to distinguish); 1. undis- tinguished and undistinguishable: dav, Polyb. 15, 12, 9; Néyos, Leian. Jup. Trag. 25; for 373, Gen. i. 2 Symm. 2. without dubiousness, ambiguity, or uncertainty (see Siaxpivw, Pass. and Mid. 3 [al. without variance, ef. d:a- Kpivw, 2]): 7 avwdev copia, Jas. iii. 17 (Ignat. ad Eph. 3, 2 Inoots Xpuoros 7d adiaxptroy nuav (nv [yet al. take the word here i. q. inseparable, cf. Zahn in Patr. Apost. Opp., ed. Gebh., Harn. and Zahn, fase. ii. p. 7; see also in general Zahn, Ignatius, p. 429 note!; Bp. Lghtft. on Tgnat. l.c.; Soph. Lex.s.v. Used from Hippocr. down. }).*
dSiddevrrros, -ov, (Scadeia@ to intermit, leave off), wninter- mitted, unceasing: Ro. ix.2; 2Tim.i.3. [Tim. Loer. 98 e.]*
dBiarelrtas, adv., without intermission, incessantly, as- siduously: Ro.i.9; 1 Th. i. 2(8); ii-135 v.17. [Polyb., Diod., Strabo; 1 Mace. xii. 11.]*
&-51a-p0opla, -as, 7, (fr. advapOopos incorrupt, incor- ruptible; and this from advadeipw), incorruptibility, soundness, integrity: of mind, év ry didackadia, Tit. ii. 7 (LT Tr WH adéopiav). Not found in the classics."
aSixéw, -@; [fut. adunow]; 1 aor. Adiknoa; Pass., [pres. dducodpac]; 1 aor. ndicnOnv; literally to be adsxos. 1. absolutely; a. to act unjustly or wickedly, to sin: Rev. xxii. 11; Col. iii. 25. b. to be a criminal, to have violated the laws in some way: Acts xxv. 11, (often so
a0lKnpa
in Grk. writ. [cf. W. § 40, 2¢.]). ©. to do wrong: 1 Co. vi. 8; 2 Co. vii. 12. a. to do hurt: Rev. ix. hoe a2: transitively; a. ri, to do some wrong, sim m some re- spect: Col. iii. 25 (6 ndiknoe ‘the wrong which he hath done’). b. twa, to wrong some one, act wickedly towards him: Acts vii. 26 sq. (by blows); Mt. xx. 13 (by fraud); 2 Co. vil. 2; pass. ddixcio Gat to be wronged, 2 Co. vii. 12; Acts vii. 24; mid. ddvcovpar to suffer one’s self to be wronged, take wrong [W. § 38, 3; ef. Riddell, Platonic Idioms, § 87 sq.]: 1 Co. vi. 7; twa ovdev [B. § 131, 10; W. 227 (213)], Acts xxv. 10; Gal. iv. 12; rwa 7, Philem. 18; [ddcKcovpevor pucdov dduias (R. V. suffering wrong as the hire of wrong-doing), 2 Pet. ii. 13 WH Tr mrg.]. ¢. twa, to hurt, damage, harm (in this sense by Greeks of every period): Lk. x. 19; Rev. vi. 6; vii. 2 sq.; ix. 4, 10; xi. 5; pass. od pi) adixnOA ex tod Oavarov shall suffer no violence from death, Rev. ii. 11.*
&Slknpa, -ros, rd, (ddixew), [fr. Hdt. on], a misdeed [76 GOdukoy .. . dray mpaxOn, adiknua eorw, Aristot. Eth. Nic. 5, 7]: Acts xviii. 14; xxiv. 20; Rev. xviii. 5.*
aSuxla, -as, 7, (ddtxos), [fr. Hdt.down]; 1. injustice, of a judge: Lk. xviii. 6; Ro. ix. 14. 2. unrighteous- ness of heart and life; a. univ.: Mt. xxiii. 25 Grsb.; Acts vill. 23 (see ovvdecpos); Ro. i. 18, 29; ii. 8; vi. 13; 2 Tim. ii. 19; opp. to 7 ddnOea, 1 Co. xiii. 6; 2 Th. iil. 12; opp. to 7 dS:cavoodvn, Ro. 1ii. 5; Heb. i. 9 Tdf. ; owing to the context, the guilt of unrighteousness, 1 Jn. i. 9; darn rijs dSixias deceit which unrighteousness uses, 2 Th. ii. 10; pucOds ddicias reward (i. e. penalty) due to unrighteousness, 2 Pet. ii. 13 [see ddicéw, 2 b. fin.]. b. spec., unrighteousness by which others are deceived: Jn. vii. 18 (opp. to ddnéOjs); papovas ris adixias deceitful riches, Lk. xvi. 9 (cf. darn tod mdovtov, Mt. xiii. 22; others think ‘riches wrongly acquired’; [others, riches apt to be used unrighteously; cf. vs. 8 and Mey. ad loc.]) ; kéopos rips ddixias, a phrase having ref- erence to sins of the tongue, Jas. iii. 6 (cf. kdopos, 8) ; treachery, Lk. xvi. 8 (oixovopos ris adixias, [al. take it generally, ‘acting unrighteously’]). 3. a deed violat- ing law and justice, act of unrighteousness: waca ddikla duapria éori,1 Jn. v.17; epydrat tis aducias, Lk. xiii. 27; ai adtxiat iniquities, misdeeds, Heb. viii. 12 (fr. Sept. Jer. xxxvili. (xxxi.) 34; ef. Dan. iv. 20 (24)); prods adixias reward obtained by wrong-doing, Acts i. 18; 2 Pet. ii. 15; spec., the wrong of depriving another of what is his, 2 Co. xii. 13 (where a favor is ironically called adcxia).*
aBukos, -ov, (Sikn), [fr. Hes. down]; descriptive of one who violates or has violated justice ; 1. unjust, (of God as judge): Ro. iii. 5; Heb. vi. 10. 2. of one who breaks God’s laws, unrighteous, sinful, (see ddicia, 2): [1 Co. vi. 9]; opp. to Sikacos, Mt. v. 45; Acts xxiy. 15; 1 Pet. iii. 18; opp. to evaeBns, 2 Pet. ii. 9; in this sense acc. to Jewish speech the Gentiles are called Gtxot, 1 Co. vi. 1 (see auapradds, b. S3) 5 3. spec., of one who deals fraudulently with others, Lk. xviii. 11 2 who is false to a trust, Lk. xvi. 10 (opp. to TloTOs) }
12
QOUuVaTOS
| deceitful, papwvas, ibid. vs. 11 (for other interpretations
see dd.kia, 2 b.).* ‘ 4 dSlkws, adv., unjustly, undeservedly, without fault: ied
oxewv, 1 Pet. ii 19 [A. V- wrongfully. (Fr. Hdt. on.)]
"ASyelv, 6, Admin, the indecl. prop. name of one of the ancestors of Jesus: Lk. iii. 33, where Tdf. reads rod Adpuelv roo "Apvei for Rec. rou Apap (q- v-), [and WH txt. substitute the same reading for rod ’ApivadaB rod ’Apdp of R G, but in their mrg.’Addp (q. v. 2) for Adpet ; on the spelling of the word see their App. p. 155 ].*
6-56kipos, -ov, (Sdxipos), [fr. Eur. down], not standing the test, not approved; properly of metals and coin, dpyipuov, Is. i. 22; Prov. xxv. 4; vopsopa, Plat. legg. v. p. 742 a., al.; hence, which does not prove itself to be such as it ought: yh, of sterile soil, Heb. vi. 8; ina moral sense [A. V. reprobate], 1 Co. ix. 27; 2 Co. xiii. 5-7; vods, Ro. i. 283 wept tyv miorw, 2 Tim. iii. 8; hence, unfit for something: mpos may épyov ayabdv ad. A Drie te UNS
&-Sodos, -ov, (Sddos), [fr. Pind. down], guileless; of things, unadulterated, pure: of milk, 1 Pet. ii. 2. [Cf. Trench § lvi.]*
"A8Spaputrqvds, -7, -ov, adj., of Adramyttium ( Adpapvr- tiov, Adpapwrreiov, Adpappuresoy [also ’Arpapur., etc., cf. Poppo, Thue. pt. i. vol. ii. p. 441 sq.; Wetst. on Acts, as below; WH ‘Adpapvrtnvos, cf. their Intr. § 408 and App. p. 160]), a sea-port of Mysia: Acts xxvii. 2, [mod- ern Edremit, Ydramit, Adramiti, etc.; cf. Mc. and S. s. v. Adramy ttium ].*
’ASplas [WH ‘Adp.], -ov, 6, Adrias, the Adriatic Sea i. e., in a wide sense, the sea between Greece and Italy: Acts xxvii. 27, [cf. B. D. s. v. Adria; Dict. of Grk. & Rom. Geog. s. v. Adriaticum Mare].*
dSpérys [Recs adp.], -nros, 7, or better (cf. Bttm. Ausf. Spr. ii. 417) ddporns, -jros, [on the accent cf. Ebeling, Lex. Hom. s. v.; Chandler §§ 634, 635], (fr. ddpdos thick, stout, full-grown, strong, rich [2 K. x. 6, 11, etc.]), in Grk. writ. it follows the signif. of the adj. dSpés; once in the N. T.: 2 Co. viii. 20, bountiful collection, great liberality, [R. V. bounty]. (dSpoovvn, of an abundant harvest, Hes. épy. 471.) *
aduvatéw, -@: fut. advvatnaw; (advvatos); a. not to have strength, to be weak ; always so of persons in classic Grk. b. a thing ddvvarei, cannot be done, is impos- sible; so only in the Sept. and N. T.: od« ddvvarjces mapa 76 Ged [rod Oeod L mrg. T Tr WH] za pipea, Lk. i. 37 (Sept. Gen. xviii. 14) [al. retain the act. sense here: from God no word shall be without power, see mapa, I. b. cf. Field, Otium Norv. pars iii. ad loc.]; ovdey ddvvatnce: ipiv, Mt. xvii. 20, (Job xlii. 2).*
4-Svvaros, -ov, (Svvayat), [fr. Hdt.down]; 1. without strength, impotent: rois mooi, Acts xiv. 8; fig. of Chris- tians whose faith is not yet quite firm, Ro. xv. 1 (opp. to duvarés). 2. impossible (in contrast with Suvarov) : mapa Twn, for (with) any one, Mt. xix. 26; Mk.x.27; Lk. Xvili. 27; 7d addy. rod vopov ‘what the law could not do’ (this God effected by, etc.; [al. take 75 d8uv. here as nom. absol., cf. B. 381 (326); W.574 (534) ; Meyer or Gif-
aow t
ford ad loc.]}), Ro. viii. 3; foll. by acc. with inf., Heb. vi. 4,18; x.4; by inf., Heb. xi. 6.*
dS (deidw); common in Grk. of every period; in Sept. for 73¥; to sing, chant; 1. intrans.: rivi, to the praise of any one (Judith xvi. 1 (2)), Eph. v. 19; Col. iii. 16, (in both passages of the lyrical emotion of a devout and grateful soul). 2. trans.: g@dyv, Rev. v. Di XLVenS | EX Veroet
del, [see aay], adv., [fr. Hom. down], always; 1. per- petually, incessantly: Acts vii. 51; 2 Co. iv. 11;'vi. 10; Hite 12 ee bsii1n10: 2. invariably, at any and every time when according to the circumstances something is or ought to be done again: Mk. xv. 8 [T WH om.] (at every feast); 1 Pet. iii. 15; 2 Pet. i. 12.*
detds,-ov, 6, (like Lat. avis, fr. dys on account of its wind-like flight [ef. Curtius § 596]), [fr. Hom. down], in Sept. for Ww, an eagle: Rev. iv.7; viii. 13 (Rec. dyyédov) ; xii. 14. In Mt. xxiv. 28; Lk. xvii. 37 (asin Job xxxix. 30; Prov. xxx. 17) it is better, since eagles are said seldom or never to go in quest of carrion, to understand with many interpreters either the vultur percnopterus, which resembles an eagle (Plin. h. n. 10, 3 “quarti generis — viz. aquilarum — est percnopterus”), or the vultur barbatus. Cf. Win. RWB. s. v. Adler; [ Tristram, Nat. Hist. of the Bible, p. 172 sqq.]. The meaning of the proverb [cf. exx. in Wetst. on Mt. 1. c.] quoted in both passages is, ‘where there are sinners (cf. mréya), there judgments from heaven will not be wanting ’.*
&Lvpos, -ov, (Cyun), Hebr. ND, unfermented, free from leaven; properly: dpro, Ex. xxix. 2; Joseph. antt. 3, 6,6; hence the neut. plur. ra dupa, N1¥D, unleavened loaves; 7 €opt) Tav a@pov, NI¥DT IN, the (paschal) festival at which for seven days the Israelites were accustomed to eat unleavened bread in commemoration of their exit from Egypt (Ex. xxiii. 15; Lev. xxiii. 6), Lk. xxii. 1; 7 mp@rn (sc. nuepa) rdv ag. Mt. xxvi. 17; Mk. xiv. 12; Lk. xxii.7; ai nuepar ray af. Acts xii. 3 ; xx. 6; the paschal festival itself is called ra a¢vpa, Mk. xiv. 1, [cf. 1 Esdr.i. 10,19; W.176 (166); B. 23 (21)]. Figuratively : Christians, if such as they ought to be, are called dvpor i. e. devoid of the leaven of iniquity, free from faults, 1 Co. v. 7; and are admonished éopratew ev atvpors eiduxpweias, to keep festival with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth, vs. 8. (The word occurs twice in prof. auth., viz. Athen. 3, 74 (dprov) dvpov, Plat. Tim. p. 74 d. d{upos cap€ flesh not yet quite formed, [add Galen de alim. fac. 1, 2].)*
*Atép, Azor, the indecl. prop. name of one of the ancestors of Christ: Mt. i. 13 sq.*
”Atwros, -ov, 7, TW, Azotus, Ashdod, one of the five chief cities of the Philistines, lying between Ashkelon and Jamnia [i. e. Jabneel] and near the Mediterranean : Acts viii. 40; at present a petty village, Msdid. A suc- cinct history of the city is given by Gesenius, Thesaur. iii. p. 1366; Rauwmer, Palistina, p. 174; [Alex.’s Kitto or Me. and S. s. v. Ashdod ].*
sea . : > dnSla, -as, 4, (fr. andys, and this fr. a priv. and 7d0s pleasure, delight), [fr. Lysip. down] ; 1. unpleasant-
13
abetéw
ness, annoyance. 2. dislike, hatred: év dndia, cod. Cantabr. in Lk. xxiii. 12 for Rec. év éyOpa.*
hp, depos, 6, (dnuu, do, [cf. dvepos, init.]), the air (par- ticularly the lower and denser, as distinguished from the higher and rarer 6 aiOjp, cf. Hom. Il. 14, 288), the at- mospheric region: Acts xxii. 23; 1 Th. iv. 17; Rev. ix. 2; xvi. 17; 6 dpywy tis eEovaias rod dépos in Eph. ii. 2 signifies ‘the ruler of the powers (spirits, see é£oucia 4 c. 88.) in the air,’ i. e. the devil, the prince of the de- mons that according to Jewish opinion fill the realm of air (cf. Mey. ad loc.; [B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Air; Stuart in Bib. Sacr. for 1843, p. 139 sq.]). Sometimes indeed, dnp denotes a hazy, obscure atmosphere (Hom. II. 17, 644; 3,381; 5, 356, etc.; Polyb. 18, 3,7), but is nowhere quite equiv. to oxdros, —the sense which many injudi- ciously assign it in Eph. lc. dépa dépew (cf. verberat ictibus auras, Verg. Aen. 5, 377, of pugilists who miss their aim) i.e. to contend in vain, 1 Co. ix. 26; eis dépa Aadetv (verba ventis profundere, Lucr. 4, 929 (932)) ‘to speak into the air’ i. e. without effect, used of those who speak what is not understood by the hearers, 1p Cor xiv 9
abavacrla, -as, 7. (aOavatos), immortality: 1 Co. xv. 53 sq.; 1 Tim. vi. 16 where God is described as 6 povos éxav abavaciay, because he possesses it essentially — ‘ex THs oikelas ovalas, ovK EK OeAnpatos GXov, KaOarrep ot Aouror mavres aOavaror’ Justin, quaest. et resp. ad orthod. 61 p- 84 ed. Otto. (In Grk. writ. fr. Plato down.) *
&-Oéptros, -ov, a later form for the ancient and prefer- able aOéusoros, (Oepites, Oepiotos, Oepitw, Oeuis law, right), contrary to law and justice, prohibited by law, illicit, criminal: 1 Pet. iv. 3 [here A. V. abominable]; adéuirov eori rue with inf., Acts x. 28.*
d-beos, -ov, (eos), [fr. Pind. down], without God, know- ing and worshipping no God, in which sense Ael. v. h. 2, 31 declares dru pndels tov BapBapwyv aeos; in classic auth. generally slighting the gods, impious, repudiating the gods recognized by the state, in which sense certain Greek philosophers, the Jews (Joseph. c. Ap. 2, 14, 4), and subsequently Christians were called Geo. by the heathen (Justin, apol. 1, 13, etc.). In Eph. ii. 12 of one who neither knows nor worships the true God; so of the heathen (cf. 1 Th. iv. 5; Gal. iv. 8); Clem. Alex. protr. ii. 23 p. 19 Pott. dOéous . . . of rov dvras byra Gedv nyvonxact, Philo, leg. ad Gai. § 25 aiyumrvaki abedrns, Hos. iv. 15 Symm. otkos a6etas a house in which idols are worshipped, Ignat. ad Trall. 10 deo rovreoriv amioroe (of the Docetae); [al. understand Eph. 1. c. passively deserted of God, Vulg. sine Deo; on the various mean- ings of the word see Mey. (or Ellic.) ].*
&-erpos, -ov, (Gecpds), lawless, [A. V. wicked]; of one who breaks through the restraints of law and gratifies his lusts: 2 Pet. ii. 7; iii. 17. [Sept., Diod., Philo, Joseph., Plut.]*
dOeréw, -3; fut. dbernow; 1 aor. nOérnoa; a word met with first (yet very often) in Sept. and Polyb.; a. properly, to render dOerov; do away with Oerov tT i. e. something laid down, prescribed, established : diaOnxny, Gal.
abérnats
iii. 15, (1 Mace. xi. 36; 2 Mace. xiii. 25, etc.) ; acc. to the context, ‘to act towards anything as though it were annulled’; hence to deprive a law of force by opinions or acts opposed to it, to transgress it, Mk. vii. 9; Heb. x. 28, (Ezek. xxii. 26); miorw, to break one’s promise or engagement, 1 Tim. v. 12; (Polyb. 8, 2, 5; 11, 29, 3, al.; Diod.-excerpt. [i. e. de virt. et vit.] p. 562, 67). Hence _b. to thwart the efficacy of anything, nullify, make void, frustrate: rv Bovdjy rod Oeod, Lk. vii. 30 (they rendered inefficacious the saving purpose of God) ; riv ovveow to render prudent plans of no effect, 1 Co. i. 19 (Is. xxix. 14 [where xpvipo, yet cf. Bos’s note]). c. to reject, refuse, slight: tiv xapw tov Geod, Gal. ii. 21 [al. refer this to b.]; of persons: Mk. vi. 26 (by break- ing the promise given her); Lk. x. 16; Jn. xii. 48; 1 Th. iv. 8; Jude 8 (for which xarapoveiy is used in the parallel pass. 2 Pet. ii. 10). [For exx. of the use of this word see Soph. Lex. s. v.]*
a0érnots, -ews, 9, (dOeréw, q. v.; like vouOérnovs fr. voubereiv), abolition: Heb. vii. 18; ix. 26; (found occa- sionally in later authors, as Cicero ad Att. 6, 9; Diog. Laért. 3, 39, 66; in the grammarians rejection; more frequently in eccl. writ.).*
*AOfvat, -av, ai, (on the plur. cf. W. 176 (166)), Athens, the most celebrated city of Greece: Acts xvii. Tose wexvili essed hs tise llse
*AOnvaios, -aia, -aiov, Athenian: Acts xvii. 21 sq.*
é0A€w, -@; [1 aor. subjunc. 3 pers. sing. abAnon]; (GOdos a contest); to engage in a contest, contend in public games (e. g. Olympian, Pythian, Isthmian), with the poniard [?], gauntlet, quoit, in wrestling, running, or any other way: 2 Tim. ii. 5; (often in classic auth. who also use the form d6Xevw). [COMP.: cvv-abdéw. ]*
GANors, -ews, 7, contest, combat, (freq. fr. Polyb. down) ; fig. d@Anots maOnudrwr a struggle with sufferings, trials, Heb. x. 32; [of martyrdom, Ign. mart. 4; Clem. mart. 25].*
ABpoitw: pf. pass. ptep. nOpocpévos; (fr. dOpdos i. q. ‘Opoos [a noisy crowd, noise], with a copulative [see A, a, 2]); to collect together, assemble; pass. to be assembled, to convene: Lk. xxiv. 33 LT Tr WH. ([Soph.,] Xen., Plat., Polyb., Plut., al.; O. T. Apocr.; sometimes in Sept. for yap.) [Comp.: én-, cvv-abpoite. ] *
dbupéw, -6 ; common among the Greeks fr. [Aeschyl.,] Thuc. down; to be Gvpos (Gvuds spirit, courage), to be disheartened, dispirited, broken in spirit: Col. iii. 21. (Sept. 1S. i. 6 sq., ete.; Judith vii. 22; 1 Mace. iv. 27.) *
4@a0s [R G Tr], more correctly adégos (L WH and T [but not in his Sept. There is want of agreement among both the ancient gramm. and modern scholars; cf. Steph. Thes. i. col. 875 c.; Lob. Path. Element. i. 440 sq. (cf. ii. 377) ; see I, «]), -ov, (Gof [i. €. Owif, cf. Etym. Mag. p: 26, 24] punishment), [fr. Plat. down], unpunished, innocent: atua abgov, Mt. xxvii. 4 [Tr mre. WH txt. Sixaov}, (Deut. xxvii. 25; 1 S. xix. 5, etc.; 1 Mace. i. 37; 2 Macc. i. 8); did twos, after the Hebr. 1) *pa ({Num. xxxii. 22; ef. Gen. xxiv. 41; 2S. iii. 28; W.197 (185); B. 158 (138)]), ‘innocent (and therefore far)
14
Adio:
from,’ innocent of, Matt. xxvii. 24 (the guilt of the mur- der of this innocent man cannot be laid upon me) ; dé ris dpaprias, Clem. Rom. 1 Cor. 59, 2 [ef. Num. v. 31]. The Greeks say aOg@os Tivos [both in the sense of free from and unpunished for].*
atyeos [WH ~-yos; see their App. p. 154, and I, tl, -ela, -etov, (al, gen. -yds goat, male or female), of a goat, (cf. apndetos, inmecos, vewos, mpoBareos, etc.) : Heb. xi. 37. [From Hom. down. ]*
alyiadds, -o0, 6, the shore of the sea, beach, (fr. Hom. down]: Mt. xiii. 2,48; Jn. xxi. 4; Acts xxi. 5; xxvii. 39,40. (Many derive the word from dyvupu and das, as though equiv. to dxrj, the place where the sea breaks ; others fr. atyes billows and as [Curtius § 140; Vanicek p. 83]; others fr. dicow and dds [Schenkl, L. and S., s. v.], the place where the sea rushes forth, bounds forward.) *
Alytrrvos, -a, -ov, a gentile adjective, Egyptian: Acts Vil 225045) 287 kod SoeldeDe xia zoe
Atyutros, -ov, 7, [always without the art., B. 87 (76) ; W. § 18, 5 a.], the proper name of a well-known coun- try, Egypt: Mt. ii. 13 sq.; Acts ii. 10; Heb. iii. 16, etc. ; more fully yj Atyumtos, Acts vii. 36 [not L WH Tr txt.], 40; xiii. 17; Heb. viii. 9; Jude 5, (Ex. v. 12; vi. 26, etc.; 1 Mace. i. 19; Bar. i. 19 sq., ete.) ; yn Atyutros, Acts vii. 11; éy Atyimrov sc. yn, Heb. xi. 26 Lchm., but cf. Bleek ad loc.; B. 171 (149); [W. 384 (359)]. In Rev. xi. 8 Avy. is figuratively used for Jerusalem i. e. for the Jewish nation viewed as persecuting Christ and his followers, and so to be likened to the Egyptians in their ancient hostility to the true God and their endeav- ors to crush his people.
atStos, -ov, (for deidios fr. dei), eternal, everlasting : (Sap. vii. 26) Ro. i. 20; Jude 6. (Hom. hymn. 29, 3; Hes. scut. 310, and fr. Thuc. down in prose; [freq. in Philo, e. g. de profug. § 18 (¢w7 aidios), § 31; de opif. mund. § 2, § 61; de cherub. § 1, § 2, § 3; de post. Cain. § 11 fin. Syn. see aidmos].) *
alSas, (-cos) -ots, 7; fr. Hom. down; a sense of shame, modesty: 1 Tim.ii.9; reverence, Heb. xii. 28 (Aarpevew Ge peta aidois kai evAaBeias, but L T Tr WH eiAaBeias kat d€ous). [SYN. aid@s, aio xvvn: Ammonius distin- guishes the words as follows, aidas cali aicytvn duadépet, dre» pev aides eorw evtpom) mpds Exacrov, os ceBopevas tus Exe ainxtyn & ed’ ois Exaoros duaptav aicyvverat, os pa Sov ru mpagas. Kal aideirat pev tis Tov matépa* aicxuve- tat d€ bs peGvoxerat, etc., etc.; accordingly aié. is promi- nently objective in its reference, having regard to others; while aicy. is subjective, making reference to one’s self and one’s actions. Cf. Schmidt ch. 140. It is often said that ‘aid. precedes and prevents the shame- ful act, aicy. reflects upon its consequences in the shame it brings with it’ (Cope, Aristot. rhet. 5, 6, 1). aid. is the nobler word, aicx. the stronger; while “aid. would always restrain a good man from an unworthy act, aicy. would sometimes restrain a bad one.” Trench §§ xix. xX."
AlBiow, -oros, 6, (aidw to burn, and a [dy] the face; swarthy), Ethiopian (Hebr. wid): Acts viii. 27, here
ela
the reference is to upper Ethiopia, called Habesh or Abyssinia, a country of Africa adjoining Egypt and including the island Meroé; [see Dillmann in Schenkel i. 285 sqq.; Alex.’s Kitto or Mc. and S. s. v. Ethiopia. Cf. Bib. Sacr. for 1866, p. 515].*
alpa, -ros, rd, blood, whether of men or of animals; 1. a. simply and generally: Jn. xix. 34; Rev. viii. 7 Sq. ; xi. 6; xvi. 3 sq. 6° (on which passages cf. Ex. vii. 20 sqq-) 3 xix. 135 vos atwaros, Mk. v. 25, [(anyy ap. 29)]; Lk. viii. 43 sq.; O@pouBot aiwaros, Lk. xxii. 44 [L br. WH reject the pass.]. So also in passages where the eating of blood (and of bloody flesh) is forbidden, Acts xv. 20, 29; xxi. 25; cf. Lev. iii. 17; vii. 16 (26); xvii. 10; see Knobel on Lev. vii. 26 sq.; [Kalisch on Lev., Preliminary Essay § 1]; Riickert, Abendmahl, p. 94. b. As it was anciently believed that the blood is the seat of the life (Lev. xvii. 11; [cf. Delitzsch, Bibl. Psychol. pp. 238-247 (Eng. trans. p. 281 sqq.)]), the phrase odpé x. afua (D1) Vw3, a common phrase in Rab- binical writers), or in inverse order aipa x. cap&, denotes man’s living body compounded of flesh and blood, 1 Co. xv. 50; Heb. ii. 14, and so hints at the contrast between man and God (or even the more exalted creatures, Eph. vi. 12) as to suggest his feebleness, Eph. vi. 12 (Sir. xiv. 18), which is conspicuous as respects the knowledge of divine things, Gal. i. 16; Mt. xvi.17. ec. Since the first germs of animal life are thought to be in the blood (Sap. vii. 2; Eustath. ad Il. 6, 211 (ii. 104, 2) rd d€ aiparos avti Tov oméppatos hacw of cool, as Tov oméppatos VAnY 70 aiva €xyovros), the word serves to denote generation and origin (in the classics also): Jn. i. 13 (on the plur. cf. W.177 (166)); Acts xvii. 26 [R G]. d. It is used of those things which by their redness resemble blood : af. crapvAjs the juice of the grape [‘ the blood of grapes,’ Gen. xlix. 11; Deut. xxxii. 14], Sir. xxxix. 26; 1.15; 1 Mace. vi. 34, ete.; Achill. Tat. ii. 2; ref- erence to this is made in Rev. xiv. 18-20. eis atya, of the moon, Acts ii. 20 (Joel ii. 31 (iii. 4)), i. gq. ds aipa, Rey. vi. 12. 2. blood shed or to be shed by violence (very often also in the classics); a.: Lk. xiii. 1 (the meaning is, whom Pilate had ordered to be massacred while they were sacrificing, so that their blood mingled with the blood [yet cf. W. 623 (579)] of the victims) ; ai. dOgov [or dixaov Tr mrg. WH txt.] the blood of an innocent [or righteous] man viz. to be shed, Mt. xxvii. A; éxxeiv and éexxdveww aiva (D1 DY, Gen. ix. 6; Is. lix. 7, etc.) to shed blood, slay, Mt. xxiii. 35; Lk. xi. 50; Acts xxii. 20; Ro. iii. 15; Rev. xvi. 6* [here Tdf. aipata]; hence aiua is used for the bloody death itself: Mt. xxiii. 30, 35; xxvii. 24; Lk. xi. 51; Acts [ii. 19, yet cf. 1d. above;] xx. 26; Rev. xvii. 6; péxpts atpa- tos unto blood i. e. so as to undergo a bloody death, Heb. xii. 4, (rdv airiov ris... uéxpis aipatos ordcews, Heliod. 7, 8); 71) aiparos ‘price of blood’ i. e. price received for murder, Mt. xxvii. 6; dypés aiyaros field bought with the price of blood, Mt. xxvii. 8, i. q. xepiov aiparos, Acts i. 19 — unless in this latter passage we prefer the explanation, which agrees better with the
15
aipoppoée
context, ‘the field dyed with the blood of Judas’; the guilt and punishment of bloodshed, in the following Hebraistic expressions: év air aipara (Rec. alya [so L Tr WH)]) ecipéén i.e. it was discovered that she was guilty of murders, Rev. xviii. 24 (cf. médis aipdroy, Ezek. xxiv. 6); rd aipa avrod ef’ jpas (sc. édXOerw) let the penalty of the bloodshed fall on us, Mt. xxvii. 25; 76 aipa ipav emi ry Kehadjy ipav (sc. éXOéra) let the guilt of your destruction be reckoned to your own ac- count, Acts xviii. 6 (cf. 2S. i. 16; Josh. ii. 19, etc.) ; endyew 7d aipd twos emi twa to cause the punishment of a murder to be visited on any one, Acts v. 28; éx(nreiw TO aipa twos amo twos (/D 1 /D DI wpa, 2 S. iv. 11; Ezek. iii. 18, 20; xxxiii. 8), to exact of any one the penalty for another’s death, Lk. xi. 50; the same idea is expressed by éxd:xeiy 7d alua twos, Rev. vi. 10; xix. 2. b. It is used specially of the blood of sacrificial victims having a purifying or expiating power (Lev. xvil. 11)):) Heb: ix. 7, 12) sq. 18-22) 255 x.4 > xin 28); xiii. 11. c. Frequent mention is made in the N. T. of the blood of Christ (aiva tov Xpiorov, 1 Co. x. 16; Tov Kupiov, xi. 27; Tod dpviov, Rev. vii. 143; xii. 11, cf. xix. 13) shed on the cross (al. rod oravpod, Col. i. 20) for the salvation of many, Mt. xxvi. 28; Mk. xiv. 24, cf. Lk. xxii. 20; the pledge of redemption, Eph. i. 7 (dzo- AUvrpwats dia Tod al. ad’tod; so too in Col. i. 14 Rec.); 1 Pet. i. 19 (see adyopatw, 2 b.); having expiatory effi- cacy, Ro. iii. 25; Heb. ix. 12; by which believers are purified and are cleansed from the guilt of sin, Heb. ix. 14; xii. 24; [xill. 12]; 1 Jn.i. 7 (cf. 1 Jn. v. 6, 8); Rev. i. 5; vil. 14; 1 Pet. i. 2; are rendered acceptable to God, Ro. v. 9, and find access into the heavenly sanc- tuary, Heb. x. 19; by which the Gentiles are brought to God and the blessings of his kingdom, Eph. ii. 13, and in general all rational beings on earth and in heaven are reconciled to God, Col. i. 20; with whicl, Christ purchased for himself the church, Acts xx. 28, and gathered it for God, Rev. v. 9. Moreover, since Christ’s dying blood served to establish new religious institutions and a new relationship between men and God, it is likened also to a federative or covenant sacri- fice: 16 aia tis Svabnkns the blood by the shedding of which the covenant should be ratified, Mt. xxvi. 28; Mk. xiv. 24, or has been ratified, Heb. x. 29; xiii. 20 (cf. ix. 20); add, 1 Co. xi. 25; Lk. xxii. 20 [WH reject this pass. ] (in both which the meaning is, ‘this cup con- taining wine, an emblem of blood, is rendered by the shedding of my blood an emblem of the new covenant’), 1 Co. xi. 27; (cf. Cic. pro Sestio 10, 24 foedus san- guine meo ictum sanciri, Liv. 23, 8 sanguine Hannibalis sanciam Romanum foedus). mivew 76 aipa adrod (i. e. of Christ), to appropriate the saving results of Christ’s death, Jn. vi. 53 sq.56. [ Westcott, Epp. of Jn. p. 34 sq.]® aiparekxuola, -as, 7, (aja and éxyvvw), shedding of blood: Heb. ix. 22. Several times also in eccl. writ.* aipoppo¢w, -; to be aiudppoos (aia and péw), to suffer from a flow of blood: Mt. ix. 20. (Sept. Lev. xv. 38, where it means menstruous, and in medical writ.) *
Aivéas
Alvéas, -ov, 6, Ae’neas, the prop. name of the para- lytic cured by Peter: Acts ix. 33 sq.”
alverts, -ews, 9, (aivéo), praise: Ovoia aiverews (nt minn, Lev. vii. 13), Heb. xiii, 15 @ thank-offering, [A. V. ‘sacrifice of praise ’], presented to God for some benefit received; see Ovaia, b. (aiveous often occurs in Sept., but not in prof. auth.) *
alvéw, -6; (found in prof. auth. of every age [“ only twice in good Attic prose” (where émaw. mapaw. etc. take its place), Veitch], but esp. freq. in Sept. and the Apoer. of the O. T.; from aivos); to praise, extol: tov Oedv, Lk. ii. 13, 20; xix. 87; xxiv. 53 [WH om. Tr txt. br.]; Acts ii. 47; iii, 8 sq.; Ro. xv. 11; with dat. of person, 76 Oe@, to sing praises in honor of God, Rev. xix. 5 L T Tr WH, as Sept. in 2 Chr. vii. 3 (for o) m7), 1 Chr. xvi. 36; xxiii. 5; Jer. xx. 13 ete. (for 6 Son); [W.§ 381, 1£; B. 176 (153). Comp. én-, map- awvea. |.*
alvtypa, -ros, ro, (common fr. [Pind. frag. 165 (190), ] Aeschyl. down; fr. aiviocopat or aivitropai te to express something obscurely, [fr. atvos, q. v.]); 1. an obscure saying, an enigma, Hebr. 11 (Judg. xiv. 13, Sept. mpoBrnua). 2. an obscure thing: 1 Co. xiii. 12, where év aiviypare is not equiv. to aivrypatixds i. €. duaupds obscurely, but denotes the object in the discerning of which we are engaged, as BAémew év tum, Mt. vi. 4; cf. De Wette ad loc.; the apostle has ia mind Num. xii. 8 Sept.: év cider Kal od Ov aimypareav. [Al. take év lo- cally, of the sphere in which we are looking; al. refer the pass. to 1. and take év instrumentally. ] *
atvos, -ov, 6, (often used by the Grk. poets) ; l. a saying, proverb. 2. praise, laudatory discourse: Mt. xxi. 16 (Ps. viii. 3); Lk. xviii. 43.*
Aivév, 7, (either a strengthened form of {yt and equiv. to ;7y, or a Chaldaic plur. i. q. 12°) springs; [al. al.]), Aenon, indecl. prop. name, either of a place, or of a fountain, not far from Salim: Jn. iii. 23, [thought to be Wady Far’ah, running from Mt. Ebal to the Jordan; see Conder in “ Pal. Explor. Fund” for July 1874, p.191 sq.3 Tent Work in Palestine, i. 91 sq. ; esp. Stevens in Journ. of Exeget. Soc., Dec. 1883, pp. 128-141. Cf. B.D. Am. ed.].* 1. (fr. aipéw), act of taking, cap- ture: ths wodews, the storming of a city; in prof. auth. 2. (fr. aipéoua), choosing, choice, very often in prof. writ.: Sept. Lev. xxii. 18; 1 Mace. viii. 30. 3. that which is chosen, a chosen course of thought and action; hence one’s chosen opinion, tenet; ace. to the context, an opinion varying from the true exposition of the Christian faith (heresy): 2 Pet. ii. 1 (cf. De Wette ad loc.), and in eecl. writ. [ef. Soph. Lex. s. v.]. 4. a body of men separating themselves from others and following their own tenets [a sect or party]: as the Sad- ducees, Acts v.17; the Pharisees, Acts xv. Ne 2.0.00, 3 the Christians, Acts xxiv. 5, 14 (in both instances with a suggestion of reproach) ; xxviii. 22, (in Diog. Laért. 1 (18,) 18 sq., al., used of the schools of philosophy). 5. dissensions arising from diversity of opinions and aims: Gal. v. 20; 1 Co. xi19. [Cf Mey. ll. ce.; B.D.
“ is aiperis, -ews, 7 5
16
apo
Am. ed. s. v. Sects; Burton, Bampt. Lect. for 1829; Campbell, Diss. on the Gospels, diss. ix. pt. iv.] *
aipertto: 1 aor. ppériaa [ Treg. jp., see I,¢]; (fr. aipe- rés, see aipéw); to choose: Mt. xii. 18. (Often in Sept. in O. T. Apocr. and in eccl. writ. ; the mid. is found in Ctes. Pers. § 9 [cf. Hdt. ed. Schweig. vi. 2, p. 354]. Cf. Sturz, De dial. Maced. etc. p. 144.) *
aiperixds, -7, -ov, [see aipéw]; 1. fitted or able to take or choose a thing; rare in prof. auth. 2. schis- matic, factious, a follower of false doctrine: Tit. iii. 10.*
aipéw, -6: [thought by some to be akin to @ypa, dypéw, xelp, Eng. grip, ete.; cf. Bttm. Lexil. i. 131— but see Curtius § 117]; to take. In the N. T. in the mid. only : fut. aipnoowa; 2 aor. eihounv, but G L T Tr WH, eitdunv, 2 Th. ii. 18, cf. [Tdf Proleg. p. 123; WH. App. p. 165;] W. § 13, 1a.; B. 40 (85), see amépyouat init.; [ptep. Aopevos, Heb. xi. 25]; to take for one’s self, to choose, prefer: Phil. i. 22; 2 Th. ii. 13; paddor foll. by inf. with # (common in Attic), Heb. xi. 25. [Come.: dv-, ad-, d:-, €&, Kab-, mept-, mpo-arpéw. | *
atpw (contr. fr. poet. deipw); fut. dpe; 1 aor. Apa, inf. dpa, impy. dpov; pf. jpxa (Col. ii. 14); Pass., [pres. aipopat]| ; pf. Appac (Jn. XX. is 1 aor. 7pOny ; (on the rejection of iota subscr. in these tenses see Bttm. Ausf. Spr. i. pp. 418, 439 ;[W. 47 (46)]); 1 fut. apOnoounar; [fr. Hom. down]; in the Sept. generally i. q. RWI; to lift up, raise. 1. to raise up; a. to raise from the ground, take up: stones, Jn. viii. 59; serpents, Mk. xvi. 18; a dead body, Acts xx. 9. b. to raise up- wards, elevate, lift up: the hand, Rev. x. 5; the eyes, Jn. xi. 41; the voice, i. e. speak in a loud tone, cry out, Lk. xvii. 13; Acts iv. 24, (also in prof. writ.) ; THY Wux7y, to raise the mind, i. q. excite, affect strongly (with a sense of fear, hope, joy, grief, etc.); in Jn. x. 24 to hold the mind in suspense between doubt and hope, cf. Liicke [or Meyer] ad loc. c. to draw up: a fish, Mt. xvii. 27 (avacrmav, Hab. i. 15); oxadnv, Acts XXvii. 17; anchors from the bottom of the sea, Acts xxvii. 13, where supply tas a@ykdpas; cf. Kuinoel ad loc.; [W. 594 (552); B. 146 (127)]. 2. to take upon one’s self and carry what has been raised, to bear: twa émi xeipay, Mt. iv. 6; Lk. iv. 11, (Ps. xe. (xci.) 12); a sick man, Mk. ii. 3; vyov, Mt. xi. 29 (Lam. iii. 27); a bed, Mt. ix.6; Mk. ii. 9, 11 sq.; Lk. v. 24 sq.; Jn. v. 8-12; tov otavpov, Mt. [x. 38 Lchm. mrg.]; xvi. 24; xxvii. 32; Lk. ix. 23; Mk. viii. 34; x.21 [in R Lbr.]; xv. 21; [Aé6ov,1 Rey. xviii. 21; to carry with one, [A. V. take]: Mk. vi. 8: Lk. ix. 3; xxii. 36. Both of these ideas are expressed in class. Grk. by the mid. atpeo@au. 3. to bear away what has been raised, carry off; a. to move from its place: Mt. xxi. 21; Mk. xi. 23, (dpOyre be thou taken up, removed [B. 52 (45)], sc. from thy place); Mt. xxii. 13 [Rec.]; Jn. ii. 16; xi. 39, 41; xx. 1. b. to take off or away what is attached to anything: Jn. xix. 31, 38 sq.; to tear away, Mt. ix. 16; Mk. ii. 21; to rend away, cut off, Jn. xv. 2. e. to remove: 1 Co. v. 2 (cast out from the church, where dp67 should be read for Rec. ¢£ap0q); tropically: faults, Eph. iv. 31; nw
> ie ata Pavopar
dpapriay, Jn. i. 29, [386 Lehm. in br.], to remove the guilt and punishment of sin by expiation, or to cause that sin be neither imputed nor punished (aipew dudprnya, 1 S. Xv. 255 avounya, 1 S. xxv. 28, i. e. to grant pardon for an offence) ; but in 1 Jn. iii. 5 ras duaprias jydy aipew is to cause our sins to cease, i. e. that we no longer sin, while we enter into fellowship with Christ, who is free from sin, and abide in that fellowship, cf. vs. 6. d. to carry off, carry away with one: Mt. xiv. 12, 20; xv. 37; xx. 145; xxiv. 17 sq.; Mk. vi. 29, 43; viii. 8, 19 sq.; Salis IY Sop an cos MA ease basil Bid by b-ocrey Wey tlie Acts xx. 9. e. to appropriate what is taken: Lk. Xix. 21 sq.; Mk. xv. 24. f. to take away from another what is his or what is committed to him, to take by force: Lk. vi. 30; xi. 52; ri dmo with gen. of pers., Mt. xiii. IORI A Oiexexvn im ly kevalilvel 2.6 lS se xiK. 24, 26% [Mtscxxy..29) ;:\Miktiv.(15), 253° In. x.’ 185 xvii 22’ perhaps also with the mere gen. of the pers. from whom anything is taken, Lk. vi. 29; xi. 22; Jn. xi. 48, unless one prefer to regard these as possessive gen. g. to take and apply to any use: Acts xxi. 11; 1 Co. vi. 15. h. to take from among the living, either by a natural death, Jn. xvii. 15 (é€k Tod Koopou take away from intercourse with the world), or by violence, Mt. xxiv. 39; Lk. xxiii. 18; Jn. xix. 15; Acts xxi. 36; with the addition of do ths yns, Acts xxii. 225; aiperar ard rhs yns 7 Cw) avrov, of a bloody death inflicted upon one, Acts viii. 33 (Is. lili. 8). i. of things; to take out of the way, de- stroy: xetpoypapov, Col. ii. 14; cause to cease: ri xptow, Acts viii. 33 (Is. liii. 8). [Comp.: am-, é&, én-, per-, ovv-, Umrep-aipo. |*
aicOdvopar: 2 aor. 7oOdunv; [fr. Aeschyl. down]; depon. mid. to perceive ; 1. by the bodily senses ; 2. with the mind; to understand: Lk. ix. 45.*
ale Onots, -ews, 7, (aicOavopa.), (fr. Eurip. down], per- ception, not only by the senses but also by the intellect ; cognition, discernment; (in the Sept., Prov. i. 22; ii. 10, etc., i. q. Ny): Phil. i. 9, of moral discernment, the understanding of et hical matters, as is plain from what is added in vs. 10.*
alcOyrfpiov, -ov, To, an organ of perception, external sense, [Hippoc.]; Plat. Ax. 366 a.; Aristot. polit. 4, 3, 9, al.; faculty of the mind for perceiving, understanding, judging, Heb. v. 14, (Jer. iv. 19 aigOnr. THs Kapdias, 4 Mace. ii. 22 [com. text] ra évdov aiaOnrnpia).*
aloxpoxepSijs, -és, (aioxpds and xepdos; cf. alaxporabys in Philo [de merc. meretr. § 4]), eager for base gain, [greedy of filthy lucre]: 1 Tim. iii. 3 Rec., 8; Tit. i. 7. (Hdt. 1, 187; Xen., Plat., al.; [ef. turpilucricupidus, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 63].) *
aloxpoxepSas, adv., from eagerness for base gain, [ for filthy lucre]: 1 Pet. v. 2, cf. Tit. i 11. Not found elsewhere.*
alex podoyla, -as, 7), (fr. aicxporoyos, and this fr. atoxpés and éyw), foul speaking (Tertull. turpiloquium), low and obscene speech, [R. V. shameful speaking]: Col. iii. 8. (Xen., Aristot., Polyb.) [Cf. Bp. Lghtft. ad loc. ; Trench Ki 30.6:0 046 fig
UT
Saawy, aLTEW
aloxpés, -d, -dv, (fr. aioxos baseness, disgrace), base, dis- honorable: 1 Co. xi. 6; xiv. 35; Eph. v. 12; Tit. i.11*
alexpérys, -nTos, 7, baseness, dishonor: Eph. v. 4 [A. V. filthiness]. (Plat. Gorg. 525 a.)*
alexivn, -ns, 9, (atoxos [cf. aicxpds]) ; 1. subjec- tively, the confusion of one who is ashamed of anything, sense of shame: er aioxivns suffused with shame, Lk. xiv. 9; rd xpumta tis alcxtmms those things which shame conceals, opp. to pavépwars ris édnOetas, 2 Co. iv. 2 (evil arts of which one ought to be ashamed). 2. ob- jectively, ignominy: visited on one by the wicked, Heb. xii. 2; which ought to arise from guilt, Phil. iii. 19 (opp. to 6d£a). 3. a thing to be ashamed of: 4 aloxtvn THs yupvdrnros (gen. of appos.) nakedness to be ashamed of, Rev. iii. 18, ef. xvi. 15; plur. [ef. W. 176 (166)] af aicyivat basenesses, disgraces, shameful deeds, Jude 13. [(Aeschyl., Hdt., al.) Syn. see aides, fin.]*
alcxive: (aicyos [cf. aicypds]); 1. to disfigure: mpdcwrov, Hom. Il. 18, 24, and many others. Zeato dishonor: Sept. Prov. xxix. 15. 3. to suffuse with shame, make ashamed: Sir. xiii. 7. In the N. T. only pass., aioxvvonar; fut. aicyvvOjoopar; 1 aor. noxvvOnv; to be suffused with shame, be made ashamed, be ashamed : 21 Co xesst Phila 206M PetiiveedGe py aioyvvOdpev dm avrod that we may not in shame shrink from him, 1 Jn. ii. 28 (Sir. xxi. 22 alcyuvOnoerar amd mpoodrov [Is. i. 29; Jer. xii. 13; cf. B. § 147, 2]); foll. by inf. (on which see W. 346 (325)), Lk. xvi. 8. [Comp.: éz- (-yat), kat-arxive. ]*
airéw, -@; fut. airnow; 1 aor. #tnoa; pt. #tnka; Mid., pres. airodpar; impf. yrovuny; fut. airnoowar; 1 aor. nrnoapny ; [fr. Hom. down]; to ask; mid. to ask for one’s self, request for one’s self; absol.: Jas. i. 6; Mt. vii. 7; mid., Jas. iv. 3; Jn. xvi. 26; Mk. xv. 83 airei- oat rt, Jn. xv. 7; Mt. xiv..7; Mk. vi. 24; x. 38; xi. 24; xy. 43; 1 Jn. v. 14 sq.3 Lk. xxiii. 52; Acts xxv. 3,15, etc. ; aireiv with acc. of the pers. to whom the request is made: Mt. v. 42; vi. 8; Lk. vi. 303; airetoOac with ace. of the pers. asked for — whether to be released, Mt. xxvii. 20; Mk. xv. 6 [here T WH Tr mre. mapair. q. v-]; Lk. xxiii. 25; or bestowed as a gift, Acts xiii. 21; aireiy re and twos, Mt. xx. 20 L Tr txt. WH txt.; (kar 20 Mire Warts a led ves Lo, We ii WEEE (so airetoOat in Plut. Galb. 20) [ef. B. 149 (180)]; rt mapa twos, Acts iii. 2; Mt. xx. 20 RG T Tr mre. WH mrg.; Jas. i. 53.1 Jn. v. 15 R'G; foll. by the inf., Jn. iv. 95 mid., Acts ix. 2; [airety ru ev r. dvduate Xpiorov, Jn. xiv. 13; xvi. 24 (see dvopa, 2 €.); Tl ev TH mpocevyn, Mt. xxi. 22]5 atreiv twa 71, Mt. vii. 9; Lk. xi. 11; Mk. vi. 22; Jn. [xiv. 14 T but L WH Tr mrg. br.]; xvi. 23; tmép twos foll. by iva, Col. i. 9 [ef. B. 237 (204)]; airet- oa with the acc. and inf., Lk. xxiii. 23; Acts iii. 14; with inf. only, Acts vii. 46 (yrnoaro eipeiv he asked that he himself might find ; others wrongly translate #rnoaro desired) ; Eph. iii. 18. With the idea of demanding prominent : aireiv rt, Lk. i. 63; 1 Co. i. 225 revd vu, Lk. xii. 48; 1 Pet. iii. 15.
[The constructions of this word in the Greek Bible, the
aiTnpa
Apost. Fathers, etc., are exhibited in detail by Prof. Ezra Abbot in the No. Am. Rev. for Jan. 1872, p. 182 sq. He there shows also (in opposition to Trench, § xl., and others) that it is not “the constant word for the seeking of the infe- rior from the superior,” and so differing from épwrdw, which has been assumed to imply ‘a certain equality or familiarity between the parties’; that the distinction between the words does not turn upon the relative dignity of the person asking and the person asked; but that airéw signifies to ask for something to be given not done, giving prominence to the t hing asked for rather than the person, and hence is rarely used in exhortation. ’Epwrdw, on the other hand, is to re- quest a person to do (rarely to give) something ; referring more directly to the person, it is naturally used in exhorta- tion, ete. The views of Trench are also rejected by Cremer, 4te Aufl.s.v. The latter distinguishes airéw from similar words as follows: “airéw denotes the request of the will, émiduuéw that of the sensibilities, d5éoua: the asking of need, while épwrdw marks the form of the request, as does e%xeoGa: also, which in classic Greek is the proper expres- sion for a request directed to the gods and embodying itself in prayer.” ’Epwrdw, airéw and déoua are also compared briefly by Green, Critical Notes, etc. (on Jn. xiv. 13, 16). who concludes of epwrdw “it cannot serve to indicate directly any peculiar position, absolute or relative, of the agent. The use of the word may, therefore, be viewed as having relation to the manner and cast of the request, namely, when carrying a certain freedom of aim and bearing; a thing inseparable from the act of direct interrogation”; cf. further Schmidt ch. 7. Comp.: dar, é&-, ém-, map-(-a1), mpoo-airtéw. | atrnpa, -ros, 76, (airew), [fr. Plato down], what is or has been asked for: Lk. xxiii. 24; plur. [A. V. requests], Phil. iv. 6 [cf. Ellic. ad loc.]; things asked for, 1 Jn. v. 15. [See the preceding word, and Trench § li.]* airla, -as, 7; 1. cause, reason: Acts x. 213; xxii. 24; xxviii. 20; xatd macav airiay for every cause, Mt. xix. 3; 8¢ hy airiay for which cause, wherefore, Lk. viii. 47; 2 Tim. i. 6,12; Tit. i. 13; Heb. ii. 11; ef. Grimm on 2 Mace. iv. 28. 2. cause for which one is worthy of punishment; crime of which one is accused: Mt. xxvil. 37; Mk. xv. 26; Jn. xviii. 38; xix. 4,[6; Acts Xxlil. 28]; airia @avdrov [A. V. cause of death] crime deserving the punishment of death, Acts xiii. 28; xxviii. 18. 3. charge of crime, accusation: Acts xxv. 18, 27. (All these signif. in prof. writ. also; [but L. and S. now make signif. 3 the primary].) In Mt. xix. 10 the words el odtws early 7 airia tod dvOpmmov pera Tis yuvatkés find a simple explanation in a Latinism (causa i. q- res: si ita res se habet, etc.) if the case of the man with his wife is so.* alrlapa, -ros. 7d, see aitiwpa. [alridopat, -Byar: to accuse, bring a charge against; ytiacaueda is a various reading in Ro. iii. 9 for the mponttacdueba of the printed texts. (Prov. xix. 3; Sir. xxix. 5; freq. in prof. writ.) Syn. see Katnyopew.* | atrios, "a, -0v, that in which the cause of anything resides, causative, causing. Hence 1. 6 airwos the author : carnpias, Heb. v. 9 (the same phrase is freq. in prof. writ.; cf. the opp. ai. ris dmwXelas in Bel and the Dragon vs. 41; rév kaxov, 2 Mace. xiii. 4; Leian. Tim. 36 ed. Lips.; rav dya@av, Isocr. ad Phil. 49 p: 106 a.; cf. Bleek on Heb. vol. ii. 2, p. 94.sq.). 2. 76
18 °
7 alL@pv
airiov i. q. 4 airia; a. cause: Acts xix. 40 [ef. 5B. 400 (342) n.J. b. crime, offence: Lk. xxiii. 4, 14, 22. (airvos culprit.) [See airia, 3.]*
airlopa, -ros, rd, (airidopat) ; in Acts xxv. 7 the read- ing of the best codd. adopted by GLT Tr WH for Rec. airlapa: accusation, charge of guilt. (A form not found in other writ.; [yet Mey. notes airiwous for airiaots, Eustath. p. 1422, 21; see B. 73; WH. App. p. 166].)*
alpviStos, -ov, (aipyns, apavis, apve q. V-), unexpected, sudden, unforeseen: Lk. xxi. 34 [here WH evisd., see their Intr. § 404 and App. p. 151]; 1 Th. v. 3. (Sap. xvii. 14; 2 Mace. xiv. 17; 3 Mace. iii. 24; Aeschyl., Thue. 2, 61 7d aldvidiov kai drpoadéxnrov, Polyb., Joseph., Plut., Dion. Hal., al.) *
alxpodrwcota, -as, 7, (aixuddwros, q. V.), captivity: Rev. xiii. 10; abstr. for concer. i. q. aiyyddwrot (cf. ddedpdrns above), Eph. iv. 8 (fr. Ps. Ixvii. (Ixviii.) 19, [ef. B. 148 (129); W. 225 (211)]); also ef rus aixpadwotay ovvayet (acc. to the common but doubtless corrupt text), Rev. xiii. 10 (as in Num. xxxi. 12, ete.). [Polyb., Diod., Joseph., Plut., al. }*
alxpadwrevw; 1 aor. pypadwrevoa; a later word (cf. Lob. ad Phryn. p. 442; [W. 92 (88)]); to make captive, take captive: 2 Tim. iii. 6 Rec.; freq. in the Sept. and O. T. Apocr. ; to lead captive: Eph.iv.8 (Ezek. xii. 3; {1 Esdr. vi. -15]).*
alxpaduritw; 1 fut. pass. alypadoricOjcopa; a. equiv. to aiyydAwrov roe, which the earlier Greeks use. b. to lead away captive: foll. by eis with acc. of place, Lk. xxi. 24, (1 Mace. x. 33; Tob.i.10). ce. fig. to sub- Jugate, bring under control: 2 Co. x. 5 (on which passage see vonua, 2); twa ti, Ro. vii. 23 [yet T Tr ® ete. in- sert ev before the dat.]; to take captive one’s mind, capti- vate: yuvaxapia, 2 Tim. iii. 6 [not Rec.], (Judith xvi. 9 TO KdAXNOS alts yad@Tice Wux7v aitod). The word is used also in the Sept., Diod., Joseph., Plut., Arr., Heliod.; ef. Lob. ad Phryn. p. 442; [W. 91 (87); Ellic. on) 2 Mim: 1e:|*
alxp-Gdwros, -ov, (fr. aiyun a spear and ddards, verbal adj. fr. d\@vat, prop. taken by the spear), [fr. Aeschyl. down], captive: Lk. iv. 18 (19).*
aldy, -avos, 6, (as if aiév— poet. for dei— ay, so teaches Aristot. de caelo 1, 11, 9, vol. i. p. 279%, 27; [so Proclus lib. iv. in Plat. Timaeo p. 241; et al.]; but more prob- able is the conjecture [cf. Etym. Magn. 41, 11] that ai@v is so connected with anus to breathe, blow, as to denote properly that which causes life, vital force; cf. Harless on Eph. ii. 2). [But aidv (=aiFav) is now gen- erally connected with aiei, dei, Skr. évas (aivas), Lat. aevum, Goth. aivs, Germ. ewig, Eng. aye, ever; cf. Curtius § 585; Fick, Pt. i. p. 27; Vanitek p. 79; Benfey, Wur- zellex. i. p. 7 sq.; Schleicher, Compend. ed. 2, p. 400; Pott, Etym. Forsch., ed. 2, ii. 2, p. 442; Ebeling, Lex. Hom. s. v.; L. and S. s. v. det; Cremer, edd. 2, 3,4 (al- though in ed. 1 he agreed with Prof. Grimm); Pott and Fick, however, connect it with Skr. dyus rather than évas, although both these forms are derived from i to go (see Pott, Schleicher, Fick, Vanitek, u. s.).] In
7 AlL@yV
Greek authors 1. age (Lat. aevum, which is aidy with the Aeolic digamma), a human lifetime (in Hom., Hadt., Pind., Tragic poets), life itself (Hom. Il. 5, 685 me kal Nizrot air ete.). 2. an unbroken age, perpetuity of time, eternity, (Plat. Tim. p. 37 d. 38. a.; Tim. Locr. p- 97d. [quoted belew]; Plut., al.). With this signifi- cation the Hebrew and Rabbinic idea of the word nbjiy (of which in the Sept. aim» is the equiv.) combines in the bibl. and eccl. writ. Hence in the N. T. used 1. a. univ.: in the phrases els rév aidva, DoIy> (Gen. vi. 3), for ever, Jn. vi. 51,58; xiv. 16; Heb. v. 6; vi. 20, etc.; and strengthened eis tov aiéva tot aidévos, Heb. i. 8 [ff Ps. xliv. (alv.) 7 Alex., cf. W. § 36, 2] (Tob. vi. 18; Ps. lxxxii. (ixxxiii.) 18, ete.); efs aidva, Jude 13 els nuépay aidvos unto the day which is eternity (gen. of appos.), 2 Pet. iii. 18 [cf. Sir. xviii. 10 (9)]; with a negation: ever, Jn. iv. 14 [Lehm. in br.]; viii. 51; x. 28; xi. 26; xiii. 8; 1 Co. viii. 13; or not for ever, not always, Jn. viii. 353; eis rods aldvas unto the ages, i. e. as long as time shall be (the plur. dendtes the individual ages whose sum is eternity): [Lk. i. 33]; Root. 25, ix. 5; xi.36; [xvi. 27 R G Tr WH]; 2 Co. xi. 31; Heb. xiii. 8; eis mavras rt. aidvas, Jude 25; eis Tovs ai@vas Tov ai@ywy (in which expression the endless future is divided up into various periods, the shorter of which are comprehended in the longer [cf. W. § 36, 2; among the various phrases to express duration com- posed of this word with prep. or adjuncts, (which to the number of more than fifteen are to be found in the Sept., cf. Vaughan on Ro. i. 25), this combination of the double plural seems to be peculiar to the N. T.]): [Ron svi2? Er]; Gal. i.5; [ Phil: iv:.20]; 1 Tim. i. ee i2 eee eiveelone Imeet.iv. Wile) KRevainG, 18% iv. ORS seven Ona Vilel2 sex NOGe Xe LOR ex Ven dS XIX. 355 eX Ke 10; xxii. 5; eis aidvas aiwvwy, Rev. xiv. 11; 6 aidy trav ai@vev the (whole) age embracing the (shorter) ages, Eph. iii. 21 (ef. Mey. [or Ellic.] ad loc.) ; do rév aidvev from the ages down, from eternity, Col. i. 26; Eph. iii. 9; mpo ta@v aiwvey before time was, before the founda- tion of the world, 1 Co. ii. 7; mpddeors raév aldvev eternal purpose, Eph. iii. 11. b. in hyperbolic and popular usage: dd tod aidvos (odipn, Gen. vi. 4, cf. Deut. xxxii. 7) from the most ancient time down, (within the memory of man), from of old, Lk. i. 70; Acts iii. 21; xv. 18, (Tob. iv. 12 oi warépes nuay amd Tod aidvos ; Longin. 34 rovs dm aidvos pntopas); also ex Tov aidvos, Snes 2 (le esary ii. 19,)221(28)\5) Diods iv. S38 of the temple of Venus tiv &€ aidvos dpyjv AaBov, 17, 1 Tovs €& ai@vos Bacweis, (excerpt. de legat. xl.] p. 632 rhv e& aidvos mapadeSopevny €devOepiav). 2. by meton. of the container for the contained, of aidves denotes the worlds, the universe, i. e. the aggregate of things contained in time, [on the plur. cf. W. 176 (166); B. 24 (21)]: Heb. doses. 8; and (2).1. Tim, i. 175° [Rev., xv..3, WH txt.; ef. Ps. exliv. (exlv.) 13; Tob. xiii. 6, 10; Sir. xxxvi. 22; Philo de plant. Noé § 12 bis; de mundo § 7; Joseph. antt. 1, 18, 7; Clem. Rom. 1CoraGila 2s 35, 3 (narnp tr. a.); 55, 6 (Oeds r. a.); Constt. Ap. 7, 34;
19
5 fa al@p
see Abbot in Journ. Soc. Bibl. Lit. etc. i. p. 106 n.J. So aioy in Sap. xiii. 9; xiv. 6; xviii. 4; the same use oc- curs in the Talmud, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic; cf. Bleek, Hebrierbr. ii. 1, p. 36 sqq.; Gesenius, Thesaur. ii. p. 1036; [cf. the use of of aidves in the Fathers i. q. the world of mankind, e. g. Ignat. ad Eph. 19, 2}. 3. As the Jews distinguished 7379 DYipn the time before the Messiah, and 830 pdipn the time after the advent of the Messiah (cf. Riehm, Lehrb. d. Hebrierbr. p- 204 sqq.; [Schiirer § 29, 9]), so most of the N.T. writers distin- guish 6 aidy otros this age (also simply 6 aidy, Mt. xiii. 22; Mk. iv. 19 GL T Tr WH; 6 éveards aidy, Gal. i. 4; 6 vov aioy, 1 Tim. vi.17; [2 Tim. iv. 10]; Tit. ii. 12), the time before the appointed return or truly Messianic ad- vent of Christ (i. e. the zapovaia, q. v.), the period of insta- bility, weakness, impiety, wickedness, calamity, misery, —and ai@y peAdwr the future age (also 6 aly éxeivos, Lk. xx. 35; 6 aldy 6 epxouevos, Lk. xviii. 30; Mk. x. 30; of ai@ves of emepxopevor, Eph. ii. 7), i. e. the age after the return of Christ in majesty, the period of the con- summate establishment of the divine kingdom and all its blessings: Mt. xii. 32; Eph. i. 21; ef. Fritzsche on Rom. vol. iii. 22 sq. Hence the things of ‘this age’ are mentioned in the N. T. with censure: 6 aiwy odros, by meton. men controlled by the thoughts and pursuits of this present time, Ro. xii. 2, the same who are called viot Tov ai. rovrov in Lk. xvi. 8; xx. 343 xara tov alava Tov Kocpov Tovtov conformably to the age to which this (wicked) world belongs, Eph. ii. 2 [ef. Trench § lix. sub fin.]; ayamav tov viv aidva, 2 Tim. iv. 10 (see dyamdw); dpxovres Tov ai. rovrov, 1 Co. ii. 6 (see dpywv) ; 6 Oeds Tov ai. rovrov the devil, who rules the thoughts and deeds of the men of this age, 2 Co. iv. 4; ai pepysvae Tov aidvos the anxieties for the things of this age, Mk. iv. 19; mAovowos €v t@ viv aidve rich in worldly wealth, 1 Tim. vi. 17; copia rod ai. rovr. such wisdom as be- longs to this age, — full of error, arrogant, hostile to the gospel, 1 Co. ii. 6; cu¢yrntis Tov ai. rour. disputer, sophist, such as we now find him, 1 Co. i. 20; cuvrédeta Tov ai. rovr. the end, or rather consummation, of the age preceding Christ’s return, with which will be connected the resurrection of the dead, the last judgment, the de- molition of this world and its restoration to a more ex- cellent condition [ef. 4 Esdr. vii. 43], Mt. xiii. 39 sq. 49; xxiv. 3; xxviii. 20; it is called ouvtéXea tay aidvev in Heb. ix. 26 [so Test. xii. Patr., test. Levi 10, test. Benj. 11 (cf. Vorstman p. 133) ]; ra réAn Tov aidver the ends (last part) of the ages before the return of Christ, 1 Co. x. 11; duvdpers Tod péAXovros aidvos powers which present them- selves from the future or divine order of things, i.e. the Holy Spirit, Heb. vi. 5; rod aiavos éxeivou Tuxeiv to partake of the blessings of the future age, Lk. xx. 35. Among the N. T. writers James does not use the word aidy, [On the word in its relation to xéopos see Trench § lix. Its biblical sense and its relation to D2) are discussed by Stuart, Exeget. Essays on Words relating to Fut. Punish- ment, Andover, 1830 (and Presbyt. Publ. Committee, Phil.) ; Tayler Lewis in Lange’s Com. on Eccl. pp. 44-51; J. W. Hanson, Aion-Aionios, (pp. 174), Chicago, 1880. See esp.
7 al@vV
E. Abbot, Literature of the Doctrine of a Future Life, ete., (New York, 1867), Index of subjects s. v. For its meanings in eccl. writ. see Suicer, Thesaur. Kccles. i. col. 140 sqq., cf. ii. col. 1609; Huet, Origeniana (App. to vol. iv. of De la Rue’s Origen) lib. ii. c. ii. quaest. 11, § 26. Its use in Hom., Hes., Pind., Aeschyl., Soph., Eur., Aristot., Plato, Tim, Locr., is exhibited in detail by E. S. Goodwin in the Christ. Exam. for March and May, 1831, March and May, 1832. “On aidy as the complete period, either of each particular life or of all existence, see Arist. cael. 1, 9, 15; on aidy and xpévos, cf. Philo [quis rer. div. her. § 34] i. 496, 18 sq. ; [de mut. nom. § 47] i.619, 10sq.” L. and 8. ed. 6; see also Philo de alleg. leg. iii. 8; quod deus immut. § 6 fin. ; de prof. § 11; de praem. et poen. § 15; and (de mund. opif. § 7) esp. dy Gi Miiller, Philu’s Lehre v. d. Weltschépfung, p. 168 (Berl. 1864). Schmidt (ch. 44) gives the distinction, for substance, as fol- lows: both words denote the abstract idea of time and with special reference to its extent or duration; xpdévos is the general designation for time, which can be divided up into portions, each of which is in its turn a xpévos ; on the other hand, aiév, which in the concrete and simple language of Homer (Pindar and the Tragedians) denotes the allotted lifetime, even the life, of the individual (Il. 4,478 pivvvOdd.0s dé of aidy etc.), in Attic prose differs from xpévos by denot- ing time unlimited and boundless, which is not conceived of as divisible into aiéves (contrast here biblical usage and see below), but rather into xpdvor.. In philosophical speech it is without beginning also. Cf. Tim. Locr. 97 c. d. xpdvw 5& ra mépea Tdode Tas Tmepiddws A€yorTl, &s exdaunoey 6 Beds ody Kdoum: ov yap hy mpd Kdcuw YoTpa: Sidrep ovs eviavTds ove a&pav meplodor, ais werpéeTat 6 yervatds xpdvos ovTos. cikay dé éort TH byevvdtw xpdve, dv ai@va TwoTayopevoues* ws yap ToT atd.oy mapdderyua, Toy idavikdy Kocmoy, Ode 6 wpayvds éyevvdbn, olTws ds mpds Tapdderyua, Toy ai@va, bde 6 xpdvos aby Kooy eOausovpynin —after Plato, Timaeus p. 37 d. (where see Stallbaum’s note and reff.) ; Isocr. 8, 834 rods 5é mer edoeBelas x. Sixacoctyns (Gvtas (6p) év te roils Twapodcr Xpdvots doparas did-yovras ka wep) Tod ciumayTos ai@vos Hdlous Tas édArldas Exovras. The adj. &xpovos independent of time, above and beyond all time, is synon. with aidvos ; where time (with its subdivisions and limitations) ends eter- nity begins: Nonnus, metaph. evang. Johan. i. 1, &xpovos Fy, axixntos, ev apphtw Adyos apxf. Thoroughly Platonic in cast are the definitions of Gregory of Nazianzus (orat. XXXViil. 8) aidy yap obre xpdvos ore xpdvov Ti Wépos* ovdE yap metpnTev, ar Srep juiv 6 xpdvos HAlov Popa weTpobuevos, TOVTO ToIs Gidlots aidy, Td) TUUMapeKTEWdpuEVoY Tots OdaLY oldy Tt Xpovikdy Kivnua Kad didornua (Suicer u. s.). So Clem. Alex. strom. i. 13, p. 756 a. ed. Migne, ‘O y ody aidy rod xpdvov Td méAAov Kal Td everras, avtap 5) Kod 7d mappxnkds axaptatws cuvlarnot. Instances from extra-biblical writ. of the use of aidéy in the pluralare: roy am aldvev pvdor, Anthol. vol. ili. pt. ii. p. 55 ed. Jacobs; eis ai@vas, ibid. vol. ly. eplgr. 492 ; é« mepitpomijs aidvwy, Joseph. b. j. 3, 8, 5; els aidvas diapéver, Sext. Empir. adv. Phys. i. 62. ‘The dis- cussions which have been raised respecting the word may give interest to additional reff. to its use by Philo and Jo- sephus. Philo: 6 mas (&ras, obumas) or mas (etc.) 6 aldy: de alleg. leg. iii. § 70; de cherub. § 1 (a noteworthy passage, cf. de congressu erud. § 11 and reff. s. y. Odvaros) ; de sacrif. Ab. et Caini § 11; quod det. pot. § 48; quod deus immut. § 1, § 24; de plantat. § 27; de sobrietate § 13; de migr. Abr. § 2; de prof. § 9; de mut. nom. § 34; de somn. LSM Ese § 38; de legat. ad Gaium § 38; (4) waxpds ai.: de sacrif. Ab. et Caini § 21; de ebrietate § 47; de prof. § 20; ai. bhkioros:
20
al@vios
de sobrietate § 5; de prof. § 21; 6 &meipos ai.: de legat. ad Gaium § 11; 6 zumpoodev ai.: de praem et. poen. § 6 ; ai. modus: de Abrah. § 46; rfs ai.: de merc. meretr. § 1; 80’ ai.: de cherub. § 26; de plantat. § 27; eis Tov ai.: de gigant. § 5; ey (7@) ai.: de mut. nom. § 2 (bis) (note the restriction) 5 quod deus immut. § 6; é ai.: de somn. i. § 3; én’ ai.: de plantat. § 12 (bis); de mundo § 7; mpd ai.: de mut. nom. § 2; mpds ai.: de mut. nom. § 11; (6) at.: de prof. § 18; de alleg. leg. iii. § 70; de cherub. § 22; de migr. Abr. § 22; de somn. i. § 18, § 22; de Josepho § 5; de vita Moys. ii. § 3; de decalogo § 14; de victimis § 3; frag. in Mang. ii. 660 (Richter vi. p. 219); de plantat. § 12 (bis) ; de mundo § 7. Josephus: (6) mas aidy: antt. 1, 18,7; 3,8,10; c. Ap. 2, 11, 3; 2, 22,15; maxpds ai.: antt. 2, 7,3; woAds ai.: c. Ap. 2, 31, 1; rocodros ai.: c. Ap. 1, 8, 4; mA7O0s aidvos: antt procem. §3; dm’ ai.: b. j. prooem. § 4; dr ai.: antt. 1, 18, 8; 4, 6,4; b. j. 6, 2,13 eis (roy) ai.: antt. 4, 8,18; 5, 1, 27; 7, 9, 5%) 7,145,055 €&cat. 2b. je Se Ojos (6) armantt. 195292) b. j. 1, 21, 10; plur. (see above) 3, 8,5. See aidyos.]
aidvios, -ov, and (in 2 Th. ii. 16; Heb. ix. 12; Num. xxv. 18; Plat. Tim. p. 38 b. [see below]; Diod. i. 1; [ef. WH. App. p. 157; W. 69 (67); B. 26 (23)]) -os, -a, -ov, (aiwyv); 1. without beginning or end, that which always has been and always will be: Oeds, Ro. xvi. 26, (6 povos aimvios, 2 Mace. i. 25); mvetdpa, Heb. ix. 14. 2: without beginning: xpovots aiwvious, Ro. xvi. 25; mpd ypo- vov aiwviov, 2 Tim. i. 9; Tit. i. 2; evayyédvov a gosper whose subject-matter is eternal, i. e. the saving purpose of God adopted from eternity, Rev. xiv. 6. 3. with- out end, never to cease, everlasting: 2 Co. iv. 18 (opp. to mpocKatpos) ; aiwyov avrov, joined to thee forever as a sharer of the same eternal life, Philem. 15; Bapos d0&ns, 2 Co. iv. 17; Baowdeia, 2 Pet. i. 11; Sofa, 2 Tim. ii. 10; 1 Pet. v.10; wy (see Cw, 2 b.); KAnpovouia, Heb. ix. 15; Avtpwors, Heb. ix. 12; mapdkdnows, 2 Th. ii. 16; oxnvai, abodes to be occupied forever, Lk. xvi. 9 (the habitations of the blessed in heaven are referred to, cf. Jn. xiv. 2, [also, dabo eis tabernacula aeterna, quae praeparaveram illis, 4 Esdr. (Fritzsche 5 Esdr.) ii. 11]; similarly Hades is called uidyos toros, Tob. iii. 6, cf. Eccl. xii. 5); owrnpia, Heb. v. 9; [so Mk. xvi. WH, in the (rejected) ‘Shorter Conclusion’]. Opposite ideas are: xoAaows, Mt. xxv. 46; xpiva, Heb. vi. 2; xpious, Mk. iii. 29 (Ree. [but L T WH Tr txt. dpapriparos; in Acta Thom. § 47, p. 227 Tdf., ovat cot rodro els dpeow dpaptidy kal NUTpov aiwviayv mapartopdrey, it has been plausibly conjectured we should read Adrpov aidnoy (cf. Heb. ix. 12)]); ddeOpos [Lchm. txt. dA€Opios |, 2 Th. i. 9, (4 Mace. x. 15); mip, Mt. xxv. 41, (4 Mace. xii. 12 aiavio rupt x. Bacdvo.s, at eis ddov Tov aiéva ovk avncoval ce).
[Of the examples of aidévios from Philo (with whom it is less common than 4af8:os, q. v., of which there are some fifty instances) the following are noteworthy: de mut. nom. § 2; de caritate § 17; xédacis ai. frag. in Mang. ii. 667 fin. (Richter vi. 229 mid.) ; cf. de praem. et poen. § 12. Other exx. are de alleg. leg. iii. § 70; de poster. Caini § 35; quod deus immut. § 30; quis rer. div. her. § 58; de congressu quaer. erud. § 19; de prof. § 38; de somn. ii. § 43; de Jose- pho § 24; guod omn. prob. lib. § 4, § 18; de ebrietate § 32; de Abrah. § 10; (wh ai.: de prof.§ 15; @eds (6) ai.: de plan
axabapota
tat. § 2, § 18 (bis), § 20 (bis); de mundo § 2. From Jose- phus: antt. 7, 14, 5; 12,7, 3; 15,10, 5; b. pul Sis PS (he) 1; «Aéos ai.: antt. 4, 6, 5; b.j.3, 8,5; uvhun ai.: antt. 1 13,4; 6, 14,4; 10, 11,7; 15, 11,1; ofkov pey aidmnoy exes (of God), antt. 8, 4,2; epvadx6n 5 Iwdyyns decpots aiwvias, Dit.6,5 95.45
Syn. a%5:10s, aidvios: at. covers the complete philo- sophic idea — without beginning and without end ; also either without beginning or without end; as respects the past, it is applied to what has existed time out of mind. aidnos (fr. Plato on) gives prominence to the immeasurableness of eter- nity (while such words as cvvex4s continuous, unintermitted, diareAns perpetual, lasting to the end, are not so applicable to an abstract term, like aidy) ; aidéyios accordingly is esp. adapted to supersensuous things, see the N. T. Cf. Tim. Locr. 96 c. @edby 5€ Thy wey aidvioy vdos dph udvos etec.; Plat. Tim. 37 d. (and Stallbaum ad loc.); 38 b. c.; legg. x. p. 904 a. dvdrcOpov 5é dy yevdpuevov, GAA’ odk aidviov. Cf. also Plato’s d:advi0s (Tim. 38 b.; 39 e.). Schmidt ch. 45.]
akabapoia, -as, 7, (dxdOapros), [fr. Hippocr.. down], uncleanness ; a. physical: Mt. xxiii. 27. b. ina moral sense, the impurity of lustful, luxurious, profli- gate living: Ro. i. 24; vi. 19; 2 Co. xii. 21; Gal. v. NOS phasive 19k ty. cds) Col ids 19 Ch. ive 75 used of impure motives in 1 Th. ii. 3. (Dem. p. 553, 12.) Cf. Tittmann i. p. 150 sq.*
a&kaldprns, -nTos, 7, impurity: Rev. xvii. 4,— not found elsewhere, and the true reading here is ra dxd@apra rijs.*
&kdPapros, -ov, (kadaipw), [fr. Soph. down], in the Sept. i. gq. N10, not cleansed, unclean; a. inaceremonial sense, that which must be abstained from according to the levitical law, lest impurity be contracted: Acts x. 14; xi. 8 (of food); Acts x. 28; 1 Co. vil. 14 (of men); 2 Co. vi. 17 (fr. Is. lii. 11, of things pertain- ing to idolatry); Rev. xviii. 2 (of birds). b. in a moral sense, wnclean in thought and life (freq. in Plat.) : Eph. v. 5; ra dxdOapra ths mopveias, Rev. xvii. 4 (ace. to the true reading); mvevpara, demons, bad angels, [in twenty-three pass. of the Gospels, Acts, Rev.]: Mt. x. 1; xii. 48; Mk. i. 23, 26; iii. 11, ete.; Lk. iv. 33, 36; vi. 18, etc.; Acts v. 16; viii. 7; Rev. xvi. 13; xviii. 2, (mvevpata movnpa in Mt. xii. 45; Lk. vii. 215; vill. 2; xi. 26; Acts xix. 12 sq. 15 sq.).
dkatpéopar, -odpar: [impf. nKapovpny]; (dkarpos inop- portune) ; to lack opportunity, (opp. to evxaipéw ); Phil. iv. 10. (Phot., Suid., Zonar.; dxatpeiv, Diod. excerp. Vat. ed. Mai p. 30 [frag. l. x. § 7, ed. Dind.].)*
dxatpws, (kaipos), adv., unseasonably, [A. V. out of season], (opp. to edxaipws): 2 Tim. iv. 2 (whether sea- sonable for men or not). (Sir. xxxv. 4; [Aeschyl. Ag. 808]; Plat. de rep. x. p. 606 b.; Tim. 33 a.; 86 ¢.; Xen. Eph. 5, 7; Joseph. antt. 6, 7, 2, al.) *
d-KaKos, -ov, (KaKkds) ; a. without guile or fraud, harmless; free from guilt: Heb. vii. 26; [cf. Clement. frag. 8 ed. Jacobson, (Bp. Lyhtft. S. Clement of Rome etc. p. 219): dkaxos 6 Tarnp mvetpa edwxev ckaxov ]}. b. fearing no evil from others, distrusting no one, [cf. Eng. guileless]: Ro. xvi. 18. ([Aeschyl.,] Plat., Dem., Polyb., al.; Sept.) [Cf Trench § lvi.; Tittmann i. p. 27 sq.|*
21
axatactacla
KO (dky a point [but see in dxpn]); a. a thorn, bramble-bush, brier: Mt. vii. 16; Lk. vi. 44; Heb. vi. 8; es ras dxdvOas i. e. among the seeds of thorns, Mt. xiii. 22; Mk. iv. 7 [L mrg. én], 18 [Tdf. éat]; Lk. viii. 14 (vs. 7 €v péom trav dxavOdy) ; él rds dk. i. e. upon ground in which seeds of thorns were lying hidden, Mt. xiii. 7. b. a thorny plant: orépavoy é& axavbdy, Mt. xxvii. 29; Jn. xix. 2,—for bare thorns might have caused delirium or even death; what species of plant is referred to, is not clear. Some boldly read dxdvOwr, from dkavOos, acanthus, bear’s-foot; but the meaning of dkava is somewhat comprehensive even in prof. writ. ; ef. the class. Grk. Lexx. s. v. [On the “Crown of thorns” see BB.DD. s. v., and for reff. Me. and S.]*
dxdvOwos, -ov, (dkavOa; cf. duapavrwos), thorny, woven out of the twigs of a thorny plant: Mk. xv. 17; Jn. xix. 5. (Is. xxxiv. 18.) Cf. the preceding word.*
d-Kapos, -ov, (kapros), [fr. Aeschyl. down], without Jruit, barren; 1. prop.: dévdpa, Jude 12. 2. metaph. not yielding what it ought to yield, [A. V. unfruitful]: Mt. xiii. 22; Mk. iv. 19; destitute of good deeds, Tit. iii. 14; 2 Pet. i. 8; contributing nothing to the instruc- tion, improvement, comfort, of others, 1 Co. xiv. 14; by litotes pernicious, Eph. v.11, (Sap. xv. 4; ef. Grimm on Sap. i. 11).*
d-KaTd-yvarros, -ov, (kataywaoke), that cannot be con- demned, not to be censured: Tit. ii. 8. (2 Mace. iv. 47, and several times in eccl. writ.) *
d-Kata-KdduTtos, -ov, (karaxad’mtT), not covered, un- veiled: 1 Co. xi. 5,18. (Polyb. 15, 27, 2; [Sept., Philo].) *
d-Kardé-KpiTos, -ov, (katakpive), wncondemned ; punished without being tried: Acts xvi. 37; xxii. 25. (Not found in prof. writ.) *
d-Katé-hutos, -ov, (katadva), indissoluble; not subject to destruction, [A. V. endless]: ¢wn, Heb. vii. 16. (4 Mace. x. 11; Dion. Hal. 10, 31.) *
dkatdmractos, -ov,—found only in 2 Pet. ii. 14 in codd. A and B, from which L WH Tr mrg. have adopted it instead of the Rec. dxaramatarous, q. v. It may be derived fr. maréopat, pf. mémacpat, to taste, eat; whence dkxaramaoros insatiable. In prof. writ. karamacros [which Bttm. conjectures may have been the original reading] signifies besprinkled, soiled, from xatanaoow to besprin- kle. For a fuller discussion of this various reading see B. 65 (57), [and WH. App. p. 170].*
dkardraveros, -ov, (kataravw), unable to stop, wnceas- ing; passively, not quieted, that cannot be quieted; with gen. of thing (on which cf. W. § 30, 4), 2 Pet. ii. 14 [R G T Tr txt.] (eyes not quieted with sin, sc. which they commit with adulterous look). (Polyb., Diod., Joseph., Plut.) *
dxatacracta, -as, 7, (akatdoraros), instability, a state of disorder, disturbance, confusion: 1 Co. xiv. 33; Jas. ili. 16; (Clem. Rom. 1 Cor.14,1; [Prov. xxvi. 28; Tob. iv. 13]); plur. disturbances, disorders : of dissensions, 2 Co. xii. 20; of seditions, 2 Co. vi. 5 (cf. Mey. ad loc.) ; of the tumults or commotions of war, Lk. xxi. 9. (Polyb., Dion. Hal.) *
GKaTaoTAaTos
d-xaté-cratos, -ov, (kabiornus), unstable, inconstant, restless: Jas. i. 8,and LT Tr WH in iii. 8 also, but less fitly; [cf. Hermae Past. |. ii. mand. 2, 3 mounpov mevpa éorw 7 KatadaA\id, Kal axatdoraroy Saiporvov, pndemore eipnvevoy, ddd etc.]. ([Hippocr. et al. ] Polyb. 7, 4, 6, al. [Sept. Is. liv. 11].) *
d-katdoyxeros, -ov, (karéyo to restrain, control), that cannot be restrained: Jas.